Saudi Flag: Centuries-Long Emblem of National Unity
King Fahd and King Salman with the Saudi flag on the occasion of King Saud assuming the reins of power in 1953 (Archive of Adnan Al-Tarif)
Saudi Flag Day, which is observed on March 11 as decreed by King Salman bin Abdulaziz, commemorates the adoption of the Saudi flag, finalized in 1937 by King Abdulaziz’s endorsement of the Shura Council’s decision.
For over three centuries, the green flag has symbolized Saudi national identity, resonating with meanings and uniqueness for Saudis.
Asharq Al-Awsat seized the opportunity to interview researcher Adnan bin Saleh Al-Turaif, who has extensively studied Saudi Arabia’s history and cultural legacy across its three stages.
Turaif shared his remarkable collection of over a hundred flags, including the original flag of the first Saudi state and those representing subsequent stages. He also discussed the significance of Saudi Flag Day, and provided insights into the Saudi flag's 300-year history.
The researcher generously shared flags, documents, photos, and speeches for the first time, and authored a comprehensive book detailing the Saudi flag’s evolution.
Turaif noted that the flag settled into its current form during King Abdulaziz’s reign.
Historical sources describe the original flag as green, intricately woven with the Arabic inscription “There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah,” tied to a simple pole.
This design persisted through the reigns of the first founder, Imam Muhammad bin Saud, his son Imam Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, the conqueror Imam Saud bin Abdulaziz (known as “Saud the Great”), and his son, Imam Abdullah bin Saud.
During the British-French conflict, Domingo Badia, a Spanish explorer later revealed to be a spy, pretended to be a Muslim named Ali Bey el Abbassi and wanted to gather information about Saudi Arabia.
He arrived in Makkah in January 1807 from Morocco through North Africa and witnessed Imam Saud’s army entering Makkah.
Badia, under his alias, noted 45,000 of Saud’s followers, dressed in pilgrimage attire, carrying a green flag with “There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” written in large white Arabic letters.
The first Saudi flag was raised in 1727 by Imam Muhammad bin Saud, who ruled for 40 years. He or his sons would carry the flag.
According to historian Ibn Bishr, during the reign of Imam Abdulaziz bin Muhammad and his son Imam Saud, messengers were sent to tribal leaders to gather on a specific day and place marked by a water source, where the flag would be raised.
Ibn Bishr also noted that Imam Saud was successful in battles without ever having his flag defeated.
Similarly, when discussing Imam Turki bin Abdullah, founder of the second Saudi state, Ibn Bishr mentioned that before raids, he would instruct regional princes and tribal leaders to gather on a specified day and location.
The flag would be raised near the palace gate a day or two before departure, with Imam Turki or his son Faisal overseeing its procession.
According to Al-Turaif, King Abdulaziz initially used the same flag as the first and second Saudi states but later made changes to it.
In 1925, King Abdulaziz ordered a new flag design. In 1937, the Shura Council set the flag dimensions to be 150 by 100 centimeters. That year, flags were also designated for the King, Crown Prince, Army, Aviation, Interior, Royal Saudi Navy, and Commercial Navy.
In 1952, the Shura Council adjusted flag dimensions. In 1973, the Council of Ministers approved the flag system.
In 1991, under King Fahd’s reign, the flag was specified to be green, with width two-thirds of its length, featuring the phrase “There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” and a sword underneath.
Regarding who designed the current Saudi flag, Al-Turaif explained : “There's a lot of misinformation out there. The design has evolved since the early days of the state. The Shura Council updated it to its current form, which was approved by King Abdulaziz.”
“There’s been speculation that the early flags of Najd or the Kingdom had a crescent, but that's not true. There’s no historical evidence linking the crescent to any Saudi flag,” he told Asharq Al-Awsat.
According to Al-Turaif, the current flag symbolizes guidance, justice, strength, growth, and prosperity. The central declaration of faith represents peace and Islam, the foundation of the state. The sword stands for strength, unity, wisdom, stature, security, and safety.
He also noted that the green color represents Islam and signifies peace, generosity, tolerance, and water, while the white color symbolizes the purity of Saudi Arabia.
Carriers of the Flag Over Time
Throughout Saudi Arabia’s history, various individuals have carried the flag.
In the first state, it was Ibrahim bin Tawq and Abdullah Abu Nahih. In the second state, it was Hamidi bin Salama, Saleh bin Hudayyan, and Ibrahim Al-Zafiri.
With King Abdulaziz, Abdul Latif Al-Maashouq was the first to carry the flag in the Battle of Riyadh in 1902. He was followed by his son Mansour Al-Maashouq. After them, Abdul Rahman bin Matraf and his sons took over the flag’s duty. Today, the Al-Matraf family still carries the flag, though many others have proudly borne the Saudi flag in different battles and places.
A Unique Flag Protocol
Al-Turaif has always said that the Saudi flag is a unique case.
“It’s special because it’s never lowered to half-mast during mourning or crises,” he explained, adding that the Saudi flag is also not used for advertising and should never touch the ground or water.
“There are strict rules against sitting on it or taking it to impure places. It doesn't bow to guests during ceremonial events. Penalties are in place for breaking flag rules,” added Al-Tarif.
Embroidering the Flag
When it comes to crafting and writing on the Saudi flag, Al-Turaif mentions that historically, this task was entrusted to individuals from notable families in Riyadh.
In modern times, Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Shahin and Saad bin Saeed took on this responsibility.
While Saeed managed flag supplies, the actual sewing wasn’t done by him. Documents indicate that King Abdulaziz assigned Sheikh Abdul Rahman Al-Tabishi to procure some flag necessities.
Additionally, flags were made using fabric-on-fabric techniques in various countries during King Abdulaziz’s reign, including the United States, Pakistan, and some Arab countries.
The First Flag Calligrapher
Regarding the first calligrapher for the Saudi flag during King Abdulaziz’s reign, Al-Turaif reveals that after extensive research, it was discovered that Sheikh Omar Asem Al-Hasani from Al-Jumum in Wadi Fatimah, Makkah, was among the earliest calligraphers.
He migrated to Kuwait, where he worked as a teacher and later became a school director. He previously designed Kuwait’s old flag and was asked to calligraph the Saudi flag during King Abdulaziz’s reign around 1911.
In 1926, King Abdulaziz inaugurated the Kiswa Factory of the Holy Kaaba, and one of the first workers was calligrapher Abdul Rahim Amin Abdullah Bukhari.
He was tasked with calligraphing the Kaaba's cover and inscriptions, and was also asked to calligraph the Saudi flag at that time using the Arabic Thuluth script.
It’s important to note that flags displayed at events attended by King Abdulaziz sometimes differed from the official Thuluth script, as they were often produced by non-Arab calligraphers or factories abroad.
‘Sami’: ‘Caesar’ Approached Me with Photos of Torture Victims, We Teamed up Against the Dangershttps://english.aawsat.com/features/5096730-%E2%80%98sami%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98caesar%E2%80%99-approached-me-photos-torture-victims-we-teamed-against-dangers
‘Sami’: ‘Caesar’ Approached Me with Photos of Torture Victims, We Teamed up Against the Dangers
Osama Othman sits down for an interview with Asharq Al-Awsat Editor-in-Chief Ghassan Charbel. (Asharq Al-Awsat)
For ten years, the world was eager to uncover the real identity of two men: “Sami” and “Caesar”, who had smuggled photos of victims of torture in the jails of Syria’s ousted President Bashar al-Assad. Their documentation of the torture led the United States to issue the Caesar Act and for trials against Syrian regime members to be held in Europe.
After Assad’s downfall on December 8, Sami chose to reveal his identity – Osama Othman – to Asharq Al-Awsat. Asharq Al-Awsat sat down with him in Paris to recount how Caesar and Sami were born and their journey from the Damascus countryside to world courts in pursuit of justice.
*How did you feel when you learned that Assad had fled Syria?
The truth is we were denied the joy of seeing Assad personally declare that he was leaving power. He never announced his resignation or that he was leaving the country. He simply got on a plane and left Syria. His ouster was not confirmed by a decisive moment, but we had to wait several days for confirmation that he was indeed no longer in Syria and that Syria was now “free Syria” not “Assad’s Syria.” So, our joy took place over stages and an extended period of days that were tinged with hope, fear and anticipation.
*What was your partner Caesar’s reaction to the news?
I haven’t been able to contact Caesar because we were so frantic to confirm that Assad had indeed been toppled and because we were waiting to see what happens next. The truth is that the rapid unfolding of developments and my concerns prevented me from contacting Caesar. This is the moment that we have been waiting for and it has finally been realized. I will use your platform to say to him: “We made it, Caesar.” We achieved what we had sought out to accomplish. We have toppled Assad. “Sami” and Caesar” didn’t do it, but it is the blood of the martyrs in the jails and outside of them. It is the efforts of all Syrians who paid so dearly in blood to reach this moment. We are free. Syria is free.
*So you feel that your work over those long years has not gone to waste?
I believe that the Syrian people have paid a greater price than what a criminal like Assad deserved. He hadn’t remained in his position for all those years due to his intelligence, strength or love of his people. We all know that he remained in power through his regime’s oppressive security apparatus, his allies and all members of his criminal militias, which he brought to Syria to slaughter the people and rob the country.
*Are Assad’s allies partners in the torture?
Assad’s partners are partners in Syria’s destruction. In my position in a rights organization with scores of files on detainees killed under torture, I cannot pin blame on this side or that without evidence. But logically, of course, they were partners in killing everyone who was killed in Syria. They are responsible for every drop of blood spilled. Assad’s allies are partners in his. Everyone who raised their hand at the United Nations Security Council to veto a resolution that liberates the Syrians from Assad’s rule and oppressive regime are complicit as well.
A man stands underground at Seydnaya prison as prisoners' relatives and members of the Syrian civil defense group, known as the White Helmets, search for prisoners in Seydnaya, Syria, December 9, 2024. (Reuters)
The First Photo
*When did you get the idea to gather the evidence of torture in Syrian jails?
It was during the early days of the revolution, perhaps May 2011. I agreed with Caesar to gather photos that he had obtained and which he had told me at the time showed evidence of extreme torture. Before the revolution, the department concerned with gathering legal evidence received photos of accidents involving members of state and security institutions and the army. The photos were taken regularly and routinely.
When the revolution erupted, photos emerged of people who had come under extreme torture and it was evident that they had not died under normal circumstances or in an accident. At this point Caesar did not want to be involved in even capturing these atrocities. He wanted to distance himself completely from this criminal machine, either by defecting, which would have exposed him or his family to extreme danger or by somehow retiring or resigning from the army.
During this time, my memory of the people who had gone missing in the 1982 Hama massacre was still raw. There are thousands of cases of missing people whose death or detention the state has never acknowledged. Under the law, they are deemed missing, which created a lot of legal problems for families. This was a major problem that had persisted for decades. So, I thought about how gathering evidence would provide our Syrian people proof of what happened to their loved ones, who had been detained during protests, on the streets or during raids.
Despite how horrific the situation was, it would at least provide clear legal evidence and offer the families some form of relief. Relief as in they would no longer live in agony of not knowing whether their loved ones are alive or not.
We decided to gather the data. Since the Egyptian and Tunisian revolts were only a few months in at the time, we believed that the Syrian revolution would perhaps end in a few months as well and we would be able to reveal these documents to our people in Syria. But the months stretched on and the regime grew more brutal and scores of Syrians were killed. We started to routinely collect the documents, not thinking about what we would do with them next. We lived in fear of the regime attacks and its random raids.
*How did you respond when Caesar showed you the first photo? You had to make a choice, either forget about it or forge ahead. What did you feel in that moment?
You can expect anything from the Syrian regime. We were mentally prepared from the start to confront this criminal regime. The arrests and deaths under torture were nothing new to the regime and to us. What was new was the rate of the killing, which reached dozens daily. Caesar would take photos of a large number of corpses every day. The regime had for decades committed these crimes against the Syrian people, but the difference was that today, we had the technology to collect evidence.
*What did you say to Caesar when you first saw the photos?
At first, I was worried about Caesar because he could at any moment become a victim like those in his photos. I told him that we must collect these photos. Caesar’s job at the military allowed him to collect a lot of data that would help us. We didn’t believe at the time that the issue would develop into a global case to criminally pursue the regime.
*How did Caesar feel about this?
Caesar had two choices: either quit his job, which would expose him and his relatives to danger, or find a legal way out of his work. However, he believed that quitting wouldn’t do us or our people justice. Obviously, I didn’t pressure Caesar into continuing his work. We made the decision together out of our conviction. We shared the danger, concerns and work.
*Did you think that your actions could cost you your life at any moment?
The Assad regime was a threat and danger to every human being in Syria, whether they had done anything wrong or not. We were under constant danger, even before the revolution erupted. It is the revolt that helped speed up the process of collecting evidence and exposing the regime’s crimes.
What we did was archive the data, which defintely came with its risks. But, amid the revolt, everyone was paying in blood for freedom, so I never thought that what I am doing was more dangerous than what everyone else was going through. On the contrary, I thought I was playing my own role in this uprising.
A damaged picture of Syria's Bashar al-Assad lies on the floor inside Qamishli international airport, after Syrian opposition factions announced that they have ousted Assad, in Qamishli, Syria December 9, 2024. (Reuters)
Team Grows
*So at the beginning it was just you and Caesar?
In the first months, yes. We kept our work secret from our families. Afterwards, we had to build a team around us to protect me and Caesar and provide assistance that would prevent the data, should one or both of us get killed, from being lost. The team began to expand after two or three months.
*How did you maintain secrecy?
Secrecy was not absolute. I can’t claim to have been surrounded by complete secrecy at the beginning. Before we left the country, only six people, including my brother and Caesar, knew about what we were doing. My wife, of course, knew. In the end, it was seven people.
Missing Eyes
*Where was the first photo taken from?
The photos came from the legal evidence department at the military police branch, meaning the victims in the photos were killed under torture at the security branches across Damascus. There were no photos that indicated the victims were from Seydnaya prison.
*What was the most brutal branch? Did torture differ from one branch to another?
When I started sorting the photos according to which branch they came from, I realized that around 50 percent of the victims came from “Branch 215.” At another branch, 227, I noticed that the majority of the victims had missing eyes. I can’t say that the eyes were removed or became decomposed after death. Insects were eating the eyes in their sockets. This was evident in a large number of photos. Perhaps the decomposition of the body made it seem that eyes were missing or maybe the insects were what ate them.
*Where the victims shot dead or killed by sharp objects?
I leave this for the experts. I may have my own opinion, but since this is a legal file, I won’t say it. German authorities have a full copy of the file and they are examining the data. When I say that the data incriminates Assad, my statements are worthless because I don't have the legal expertise. So, I sought to keep the files away from the media and political debates and entrusted them to German and French authorities. I gave them my testimony so that if anything happens to Sami and Caesar, the information will not be lost.
One Woman
*Were there woman and children among the victims?
We found one woman only. As for the children, we found many under the age of 18. Not just that. We also found patients. It was evident that they were taken out of hospitals or were killed while they were receiving treatment. I cannot be conclusive, but you can see medical equipment, such as tubes in arms, catheters, serum bags, and others, still attached to the body. This was all evidence that they were receiving some form of treatment.
*Were there any labels on the victims after they were killed? How did they give a cause of death?
They would simply state “death of detainee numbered so and so”. That’s all.
*So no cause of death is given?
I will leave this to Caesar to explain himself when he chooses to reveal himself. This is at the heart of his work at the military departments.
*How many photos have been obtained?
There could be up to six photos taken of a single victim, based on their injuries or physical traits. So we have some 27,000 photos of some 7,000 victims.
Posters of missing people hang on a monument in the center of Marjeh Square in Damascus on December 26, 2024. (AFP)
Leaving Syria
*When did you stop collecting evidence?
By the end of 2013, the situation had grown too dangerous for the people involved. We could have stayed and collected more, but weighing the danger, we believed it was best to get out of Syria before being busted and losing all the work we accomplished and even our families.
I was not wanted by the regime, so I was able to normally leave Syria to Lebanon in the end of 2013. My family and Caesar left Syria soon after and we ended our work of documenting the victims. We don’t have anything from after September 2013. I spent less than two weeks in Beirut. I managed to get our families and Caesar out of Syria. We eventually settled for a while in Qatar.
Caesar never accompanied me when I left. It was just me and another person. Caesar was still at his job in Syria when I left. He never went to Beirut. I will leave it to him to answer how he left Syria.
*What happened in Qatar?
I was in Doha with Caesar and others. We verified again that this man was indeed working for the regime’s military institution and that these photos were genuine and not fakes. This was before I handed the file to the German authorities. This was the beginning of “Sami” and “Caesar”.
Caesar is the “king witness” as they say in Arabic. The term seemed a bit long. One of the gatherers suggested “Caesar” as in king, and so it was. The gatherers said I also needed a name. I chose “Sami” after a dear close friend, who I haven’t seen in 15 years. Sami is an easy name in different languages.
After Doha, I headed to Türkiye and then Europe.
*Did you receive any support from countries or organizations?
We never received any such support. At that time, we were working with a group of Syrian dissidents and we never came in contact with our hosts in Qatar or elsewhere. We are simply people who are not part of any organization.
When we arrived in Europe, we sensed the burden we were carrying. Soon after, the world started to become less interested in Syria and the regime started to reclaim territory after Russia’s intervention. At that moment, I asked myself: why did I take on such dangers? Why did I expose my relatives to them? What was the point? Was the point heading to Europe where I would become a refugee? This is not why I did all of this and this is not what I want for myself and my children. I sensed that my mission and goals were slipping away from me, so I decided to take action.
I contacted French authorities and informed them that I wanted them to have a copy of the file. I said I wanted to testify before the war crimes court and so it was. But it turned out that France could do nothing if the criminal or victim weren’t French or residing on its territories. Germany did so and so we took our case to it.
Our work was based on consolidating a main principle that the regime was criminal and had committed human rights violations and genocide. We were also motivated by preventing the regime from being allowed to polish its images in any way, shape or form, regardless of the developments in Syria. We threw a wrench in efforts to normalize ties with the regime. So, for years, the “Caesar file” was the main obstacle for the regime to end its international isolation.
A Syrian military defector using the pseudonym “Caesar” wears a hood as he testifies before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee during a hearing titled, Nine Years of Brutality: Assad's Campaign Against the Syrian People on Capitol Hill in Washington, US, March 11, 2020. (Reuters)
Caesar Act
*Whose idea was it to go to the United States?
We never had plans to go to the US, but some Syrian organizations working there pressured us into presenting the case to the American administration. I was persuaded that Barack Obama’s administration was not interested in even opening the file due to an incident when I was in Jordan. At the time, some of the earliest photos of the file were sent to the State Department through a defected Syrian lawmaker. The State Department never showed any form of interest in the issue.
Around a year later, the Syrian groups in the US pressured us to approach Washington. They knew how things worked in the administration and how to use this file to make a difference, even if the man in the White House didn’t want to. It was a long battle we waged with our Syrian brothers in the US that was crowned with the issuing of the “Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act”, or “Caesar Act”.
*Do you believe the Caesar Act helped curb the work of the regime?
We may have to examine closely what impact the Act had on the regime, but it certainly made it difficult for it to rebuild its military machine. It was still able to support its forces and Shabiha (thugs), even the militias it brought in from other countries, to commit more killing and exercise more oppression in Syria.
In the end, this is an American law that meets the interests of the Syrian people in several aspects. I don’t want to say that the Caesar Act was the sole crowning achievement of the Caesar file. Several great efforts were exerted by Syrian organizations in the US and the file was named in honor of this man.
