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Ten Years of King Salman’s Reign in Saudi Arabia: Reform, Vision, Empowerment, and Growth

King Salman bin Abdulaziz (SPA)
King Salman bin Abdulaziz (SPA)
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Ten Years of King Salman’s Reign in Saudi Arabia: Reform, Vision, Empowerment, and Growth

King Salman bin Abdulaziz (SPA)
King Salman bin Abdulaziz (SPA)

Throughout his tenure as the governor of Riyadh, King Salman bin Abdulaziz stood out as one of the most connected figures to Saudi Arabia’s corridors of power.
As the 25th son of the Kingdom’s founder, King Abdulaziz Al Saud, he earned his father’s trust at an early age and remained a close confidant to all successive Saudi monarchs—Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd, and Abdullah.
Often called the “Ruler of Riyadh,” a unique title among regional governors, King Salman was seen as a natural-born leader. He was also known as the “custodian of the royal family’s secrets,” acting as a trusted advisor and envoy for the monarchy.
On behalf of Saudi kings, King Salman undertook key political tasks, signed agreements with foreign capitals, and represented the Kingdom at major regional and global events, solidifying his role as a respected statesman long before becoming king.
During his long tenure as governor of Riyadh, King Salman bin Abdulaziz cultivated relationships with global leaders, heads of state, and cultural figures, positioning Saudi Arabia’s capital as a hub of international diplomacy.
Under his leadership, Riyadh hosted numerous high-profile visitors, political leaders, summits, and conferences, elevating its role in shaping Saudi Arabia’s strategic decisions.
When King Salman ascended to the throne on January 23, 2015—exactly a decade ago—he assumed the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. His reign has been marked by significant reforms that earned global recognition.
King Salman introduced measures to protect and promote human rights, including laws that strengthened the rights of women, children, people with disabilities, and workers, solidifying his legacy as a reformist leader.
Since King Salman became king in 2015, Saudi Arabia has introduced significant reforms to promote equality and protect human rights. Laws were enacted to safeguard the rights of women, children, people with disabilities, and workers, while providing legal avenues for redress through courts and human rights organizations.
One of the most transformative changes was allowing women to drive. On June 24, 2018, the historic decision took effect after King Salman issued a royal decree in September 2017.
This marked a turning point for women’s freedoms in the Kingdom.
Saudi women also made strides in politics and business. In 2015, they participated in municipal elections for the first time, winning 21 seats. In 2018, women gained the right to start businesses without male guardian approval, register marriages and divorces, and report family matters independently.
That same year, the Kingdom introduced an anti-harassment law, allowed families to attend football matches, and granted women licenses to participate in the Olympics and become pilots.
Women now hold leadership roles, including ambassadorial positions in the US, Norway, and Sweden. Thirteen women were appointed to the Human Rights Commission, making up half its members.
They also entered roles once reserved for men in government and the private sector.
Under King Salman, Saudi Arabia has enacted major reforms, especially in civil rights.
Women now have greater equality, including the right to obtain family records for their children and equal rights in the workplace. Restrictions, such as requiring a woman’s residence to match her husband’s, have also been removed.
These changes earned Riyadh the title of Arab Capital of Women.
A Champion of Culture and History
King Salman is also deeply committed to preserving Saudi history and promoting culture. He has played a pivotal role in documenting the history of the Arabian Peninsula and the Saudi state.
His weekly council serves as a forum for dialogue with scholars and intellectuals, and he chairs key cultural institutions, including the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives and the King Fahd National Library.
One of his landmark achievements was establishing the “Saudi Arabia: Yesterday and Today” exhibition in the 1980s, which toured over 10 countries, including the US and Canada, showcasing the Kingdom’s heritage and achievements.
Known as a “friend of writers and journalists,” King Salman has long supported cultural initiatives. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman once described him as an avid reader of history who encouraged his children to read by discussing books with them weekly.
A Life of Leadership and Development
Born on December 31, 1935, King Salman grew up in Riyadh, where he received an education in religious and modern sciences. He memorized the Quran by age 10, instilling a sense of discipline and responsibility that shaped his leadership style.
At 19, he became acting governor of Riyadh, and in 1955, its full-time governor. Over five decades, he transformed Riyadh from a small city of 200,000 into a bustling hub of commerce, education, and culture. The city saw the development of modern infrastructure, schools, hospitals, and landmarks.
Beyond urban development, King Salman contributed to humanitarian efforts, chaired relief committees, and strengthened Riyadh’s position as a leading city in the region. His legacy reflects his dedication to progress, culture, and the Kingdom’s advancement.
Saudi Arabia’s Transformation Under King Salman
Since King Salman assumed power in 2015, Saudi Arabia has embarked on a transformative journey of reforms and modernization. Early in his reign, he issued decrees to improve government performance and empower youth leadership. Central to this progress is “Vision 2030,” led by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, which focuses on diversifying the economy, enhancing services, and improving quality of life while preserving the nation’s heritage.
Preserving Heritage, Modernizing Culture
King Salman has prioritized safeguarding Saudi Arabia’s history. Key sites have been recognized as UNESCO World Heritage locations. Historic landmarks have been turned into tourist attractions, while cultural values have been incorporated into education, blending tradition with modernity in Saudi cities.
Social Progress and Youth Empowerment
Saudi society has seen significant changes under King Salman. Young people benefit from scholarships, entrepreneurial support, and innovation programs. Entertainment has flourished with the return of cinemas, theaters, and cultural festivals, fostering creativity and national pride.
Economic Diversification and Digital Growth
Vision 2030 has driven Saudi Arabia toward a more diverse and technology-focused economy. Investments in advanced industries, partnerships with global companies, and digital transformation have positioned the Kingdom as a leader in innovation. Military industries have been localized, creating jobs and boosting national security.
A Global Destination for Events and Business
Saudi Arabia has become a hub for international sports, cultural events, and business gatherings. Hosting global tournaments and festivals has spurred infrastructure improvements and attracted investment. Enhanced transport networks and world-class hospitality services have made the Kingdom a key destination for tourism and commerce.
Vision 2030: A Path to the Future
Vision 2030 has launched major projects in renewable energy, technology, and tourism while fostering environmental sustainability. Under King Salman’s reign, Saudi Arabia is rapidly building a diverse, innovation-driven economy, laying the foundation for a thriving and sustainable future.

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Gulf

How Gulf States View War Outlook, US-Iran Talks

Flags of Gulf Arab states at an event (AFP)
Flags of Gulf Arab states at an event (AFP)
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How Gulf States View War Outlook, US-Iran Talks

Flags of Gulf Arab states at an event (AFP)
Flags of Gulf Arab states at an event (AFP)

Gulf Cooperation Council countries, under sustained Iranian attack, are closely tracking indirect US-Iran talks that Pakistan said on Thursday it is facilitating by relaying messages between the two sides.

Data monitored by Asharq Al-Awsat showed that by Wednesday evening, about 83% of Iran’s missile and drone attacks since the war entered its fourth week had targeted Gulf Arab states, compared with 17% aimed at Israel.

The tally recorded 4,391 missiles and drones striking Gulf countries, hitting critical infrastructure and civilian sites, versus 930 launched at Israel, which is leading the war.

Shaping the next phase

Gulf states on Thursday began to outline their stance on any negotiations over the conflict’s future.

Jasem Albudaiwi, Secretary-General of the Gulf Cooperation Council, said the bloc must be included “in any talks or agreements to resolve this crisis,” to safeguard security and prevent further attacks.

He rejected any frameworks, initiatives, or regional arrangements aimed at reshaping the Middle East after this conflict ends, underscoring Gulf insistence on a role in defining the region’s next phase.

Diplomacy first

Albudaiwi said international law allows states multiple options under the UN Charter, but stressed that the most rational and effective option is the diplomatic and political one.

Ahmed Al-Ibrahim, a political analyst specializing in US affairs, said Gulf states view US-Iran talks with cautious realism.

They do not oppose negotiations, but want outcomes that address what they see as the core threat, not only Iran’s nuclear program, but also its ballistic missiles and regional influence in Yemen, Lebanon, and Iraq.

A joint statement by five Gulf states and Jordan on Wednesday condemned attacks by Iran-aligned factions in Iraq on regional countries and infrastructure. It urged Baghdad to act immediately to halt such attacks launched from its territory and avoid further escalation.

Trust frays

Al-Ibrahim said Gulf confidence in both sides is limited. That view was reinforced by remarks from the Saudi foreign minister last week that “trust in Iran has been shattered.”

Al-Budaiwi said GCC states were surprised by US-Israeli strikes on Iran and had made clear they would not take part in military action or allow their territory to be used against Iran.

Despite that, Tehran still carried out what he described as a “treacherous attack” on GCC states.

He expects Gulf countries to pursue a dual track, backing de-escalation while strengthening defenses and expanding security partnerships. The Gulf, he said, rejects “incomplete deals” that fail to change Iran’s behavior or ensure regional security.

Seat at the table

Gulf security specialist Dhafer Al-Ajmi said GCC participation in any US-Iran talks on regional security is a “sovereign right,” not a request.

“We will not accept having our future shaped in our absence. Our seat at the table is the only guarantee for real and lasting peace,” he said.

Al-Ajmi said Gulf states have borne the brunt of the war’s costs and tensions. Their participation, he said, aims to secure binding guarantees to protect livelihoods and stability.

Any deal that ignores sovereignty and non-interference would be “incomplete and doomed to fail.”

Political analyst Ibrahim Raihan said Gulf states, while showing “wisdom” in handling the crisis, support de-escalation in principle. But he said the root problem remains Iran’s conduct, particularly violations of Gulf sovereignty, despite efforts before the war to avert conflict.

Three demands

Raihan said both Iran and Israel are seeking to widen the war. He outlined three priorities for any negotiations: de-escalation, guarantees to protect shipping routes, and a clear Iranian apology to neighboring Arab states for violations of their sovereignty.

Separately, the United Nations Human Rights Council on Wednesday condemned Iranian attacks on Gulf states as “egregious” and called on Tehran to provide swift compensation to those affected.

Gulf

Albudaiwi: Regional Arrangements Excluding Gulf States Are Rejected

Albudaiwi affirmed that Gulf states had long been a pillar of regional and global stability (GCC)
Albudaiwi affirmed that Gulf states had long been a pillar of regional and global stability (GCC)
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Albudaiwi: Regional Arrangements Excluding Gulf States Are Rejected

Albudaiwi affirmed that Gulf states had long been a pillar of regional and global stability (GCC)
Albudaiwi affirmed that Gulf states had long been a pillar of regional and global stability (GCC)

Secretary-General of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Jasem Albudaiwi on Thursday called for Gulf states to be included in talks or agreements to resolve the crisis between Iran and the US and Israel.

“We stress the importance of involving GCC countries in any talks or agreements to resolve this crisis, in a way that contributes to strengthening their security and stability,” said Albudaiwi.

He added that the bloc rejected “any arrangements intended to redraw the map of the Middle East after the conflict ends.”

He said the GCC’s first choice was a diplomatic and political solution, describing it as “the wisest and most successful option,” while noting that Gulf states were reviewing all options in line with international law and the UN Charter.

Speaking in Riyadh to Arab and foreign ambassadors, Albudaiwi urged partners to send a unified international message to Iran demanding an immediate and unconditional halt to attacks on GCC states.

He said the Gulf’s goal “has never been to destroy Iran or weaken it, but to reach a normal relationship based on mutual respect, non-interference and non-aggression.”

He rejected framing the situation as part of “Middle East complexities,” calling it “a blatant violation of international law” and “a systematic targeting” of states not involved in any conflict.

Albudaiwi said Gulf states would not accept becoming targets of aggression (GCC)

Albudaiwi said GCC states had long been a pillar of regional and global stability, a reliable energy source, and a responsible economic partner. But he said they would not accept becoming targets of aggression, arenas for regional rivalries, or seeing their citizens killed without accountability.

He said Iranian attacks over 25 days had exceeded 5,000 ballistic missiles and drones targeting GCC states.

Albudaiwi revealed that 85% of Iranian missiles launched in the war were aimed at Gulf states.

He praised Gulf air defenses for limiting the impact of the attacks, but said that this does not diminish the scale of the aggression or absolve Iran of full responsibility.

He said Iran had “crossed every line” by closing the Strait of Hormuz, blocking commercial ships and oil tankers, and imposing transit fees, in violation of international law.

He also cited repeated ship hijackings and attacks carried out through Iran’s regional proxies.

He warned that disruption to shipping would hit not only Gulf states but the global economy, especially as some countries face oil and gas shortages.

Albudaiwi explained that maritime passages are governed by international agreements, and no party can obstruct them or impose conditions.

The impact of closing the Strait of Hormuz may begin with higher energy prices, but its cumulative repercussions on the global economy, energy markets, marine insurance, and civil aviation would be catastrophic.

“What happens in the Strait of Hormuz does not stay in the Strait of Hormuz,” he added.

Albudaiwi said Gulf states were surprised by US and Israeli strikes on Iran, stressing they had made clear they would not take part in military action or allow their territory to be used against Iran, and had informed Tehran of that.

“Yet this position did not prevent it from attacking GCC states,” he said.

He said GCC states had shown restraint and chosen not to respond to avoid widening the conflict, and in the hope that Iran would come to its senses and stop these attacks.

He said Gulf states produce about 16 million barrels per day of crude oil, or 22% of global output, and account for 27% of global oil exports, or 11.5 million barrels per day.

They also hold 33% of global oil reserves and 21% of natural gas reserves.

These figures make the Gulf an indispensable pillar of the global economy, Albudaiwi affirmed, warning that any disruption would directly affect energy security and global economic stability.

Gulf

Zelenskyy Arrives in Jeddah

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv (AFP)
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv (AFP)
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Zelenskyy Arrives in Jeddah

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv (AFP)
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv (AFP)

President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine arrived in Jeddah Thursday. At King Abdulaziz International Airport, he was welcomed by Deputy Governor of Makkah Region Prince Saud bin Mishaal bin Abdulaziz and several other officials.

Zelenskiy said he would hold "important meetings" in the Kingdom as part of an effort to bolster ties with Middle East countries amid the Iran war.

"Arrived in Saudi Arabia. Important meetings are scheduled. We appreciate ⁠the support and support ‌those who ‌are ready to work ​with us ‌to ensure security," Zelenskyy wrote ‌on X.

Rustem Umerov, the head of Ukraine's National Security and Defense Council, accompanied Zelenskiy on the ‌visit.