Beirut Blast Trauma Adds New Wounds to Old Scars

A picture taken on August 11, 2020, shows a view of a heavily-damaged traditional Lebanese house due to the Beirut port explosion, in the devastated Gemmayzeh neighborhood across from the harbor. (Photo by JOSEPH EID / AFP)
A picture taken on August 11, 2020, shows a view of a heavily-damaged traditional Lebanese house due to the Beirut port explosion, in the devastated Gemmayzeh neighborhood across from the harbor. (Photo by JOSEPH EID / AFP)
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Beirut Blast Trauma Adds New Wounds to Old Scars

A picture taken on August 11, 2020, shows a view of a heavily-damaged traditional Lebanese house due to the Beirut port explosion, in the devastated Gemmayzeh neighborhood across from the harbor. (Photo by JOSEPH EID / AFP)
A picture taken on August 11, 2020, shows a view of a heavily-damaged traditional Lebanese house due to the Beirut port explosion, in the devastated Gemmayzeh neighborhood across from the harbor. (Photo by JOSEPH EID / AFP)

Tanya can't be alone in a room. Carla, for days, thought a war was starting. Survivors of Beirut's August 4 blast are still in shock over a disaster that disfigured their city.

The earth-shaking explosion killed 171 people and wounded more than 6,000, a sickening blow to a country already in crisis.

Almost every generation in Lebanon has experienced some kind of conflict, whether the 1975-1990 civil war or the 2006 hostilities with Israel.

Those episodes are over, but for some the traumas they left are still vivid -- and last week's explosion has added yet another scar to the collective psyche.

Carla was on her balcony in an old Beirut neighborhood when she felt her building shake.

"I initially thought it was an air raid because I associated the noise with what I remembered from the 2006 war," the 28-year-old told AFP.

After the explosion pulverized her windows, she rushed to the stairwell, petrified.

But before Carla could pull herself together, her elderly neighbor, who had survived the 1975-1990 civil war, was already busy sweeping the floor.

"This is a reflex from the war, whenever something breaks they just sweep it up," Carla said.

She is now staying with her family, and said she is not emotionally ready to move back to her blast-hit home.

Even at her parents' house, she cannot sleep.

"A car driving by on the street becomes the sound of an airplane," she said in English.

"Everything now triggers memories of the 2006 war... I had never realized how much that war actually had traumatized me."

Doctors of the World, an international charity, spent several days in the levelled Karantina district, overlooking blast site.

Its staff knocked on doors in the area to offer residents free psychological support.

In the first days after the explosion, residents were too busy seeking medical treatment or clearing debris from their homes. But as a kind of normality slowly returned, they seemed more ready to speak, said Noelle Jouane, director of the charity's mental health program.

"It helps relieve all of their anger," she told AFP.

But in the devastated district of Mar Mikhael, the slightest thud sparks alarm.

At the entrance to the neighborhood, an old man was startled by the bang of a hammer against an iron plate.

He immediately ducked and pressed his body against the hood of his car.

"It's nothing," a passerby reassured him.

Moments later, fear gripped the entire street, with people scrambling out after rumors spread that the August 4 blast site had once again caught fire.

Panic, fear, and in some cases a certain detachment from reality are among the "normal reactions to abnormal events," said Rima Makki, the mental health activity manager for Doctors Without Borders (MSF) in Lebanon.

The port blast came as Lebanon was grappling with its worst economic crisis in decades -- compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.

"The whole of society was already under psychological pressure," Makki said.

"A traumatic incident of this magnitude, obviously, will have repercussions."

Tanya, 32, was in central Beirut when the explosion tore through buildings around her.

"The first two days I was constantly crying," the accountant said.

"But something inside was telling me: what are you crying about? I am safe, my family is safe, our house is safe."

But the mother of two said she also felt "guilt for surviving."

She said she didn't remember much from the moment of the blast, but the bruises on her body remind her of what happened.

Now, she is too scared to be alone.

"During the day it's easier, but at night I can't. I ask someone to stay by my side," she said.

Omar, a visual artist, believes he could have been killed or disfigured by the explosion that ravaged his neighborhood.

Luckly, the man in his thirties was not at home at the time.

"Knifes flew from the kitchen, the entire glass facade shattered in the house," he said. "Just the image, the possibility of me being here was haunting."

During a massive anti-government rally near parliament on Saturday, a fatigued Omar suddenly felt like demonstrations were going nowhere, although he had participated in several similar rallies since a protest movement emerged in October.

"I felt how can we return to the same place we were a few months ago despite... this catastrophic event," he said.

Two people he knew died in the disaster.

"I don't know how or if one can get over something like that," he added.

"I mean you continue your life, but you continue it differently."



What Happens When Russian Gas to Europe Via Ukraine Stops?

A view shows a board with the logo of Russian gas producer Gazprom at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF) in Saint Petersburg, Russia June 5, 2024. REUTERS/Anton Vaganov/File Photo
A view shows a board with the logo of Russian gas producer Gazprom at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF) in Saint Petersburg, Russia June 5, 2024. REUTERS/Anton Vaganov/File Photo
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What Happens When Russian Gas to Europe Via Ukraine Stops?

A view shows a board with the logo of Russian gas producer Gazprom at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF) in Saint Petersburg, Russia June 5, 2024. REUTERS/Anton Vaganov/File Photo
A view shows a board with the logo of Russian gas producer Gazprom at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF) in Saint Petersburg, Russia June 5, 2024. REUTERS/Anton Vaganov/File Photo

Austria's energy company OMV was informed by Gazprom that the Russian gas producer would halt deliveries of natural gas via Ukraine to OMV from 0500 GMT on Nov. 16 following OMV winning an arbitration case. Supplies of Russian gas to Europe via Ukraine may completely stop from Jan. 1 2025 after the current five-year deal expires as Kyiv has refused to negotiate the new terms of the transit with Moscow during the war.
Here is what happens if Russian gas transit via Ukraine is completely turned off and who will be affected most, according to Reuters.
HOW BIG ARE THE VOLUMES?
Russian gas supplies to Europe via Ukraine are relatively small. Russia shipped about 15 billion cubic meters (bcm) of gas via Ukraine in 2023 - only 8% of peak Russian gas flows to Europe via various routes in 2018-2019.
Russia spent half a century building its European gas market share, which at its peak stood at 35%.
Moscow lost its share to rivals such as Norway, the United States and Qatar since the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, prompting the EU to cut its dependence on Russian gas.
EU gas prices rallied in 2022 to record highs after the loss of Russian supplies. The rally won't be repeated given modest volumes and a small number of customers for the remaining volumes, according to EU officials and traders.
UKRAINIAN ROUTE
The Soviet-era Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline brings gas from Siberia via the town of Sudzha - now under control of Ukrainian military forces - in Russia's Kursk region. It then flows through Ukraine to Slovakia.
In Slovakia, the gas pipeline splits into branches going to the Czech Republic and Austria.
Austria still receives most of its gas via Ukraine, while Russia accounts for around two-thirds of Hungary's gas imports.
Slovakia takes around 3 bcm from energy giant Gazprom per year, also about two-thirds of its needs.
Czech Republic almost completely cut gas imports from the east last year, but has started taking gas from Russia in 2024.
Most other Russian gas routes to Europe are shut including Yamal-Europe via Belarus and Nord Stream under the Baltic.
The only other operational Russian gas pipeline route to Europe is the Blue Stream and TurkStream to Türkiye under the Black Sea. Türkiye sends some Russian gas volumes onward to Europe including to Hungary.
WHY DOES THE UKRAINIAN ROUTE STILL WORK?
While remaining Russian gas transit volumes are small, the issue remains a dilemma for the EU. Many EU members such as France and Germany have said they would not buy Russian gas anymore but the stance of Slovakia, Hungary and Austria, which have closer ties to Moscow, challenges the EU common approach.
The countries, who still receive Russian gas, argue it is the most economic fuel and also blame neighboring EU countries for imposing high transit fees for alternative supplies.
Ukraine still earns $0.8-$1 billion in transit fees from Russian gas transit. Russia earns over $3 billion on sales via Ukraine based on an average gas price of $200 per 1,000 cubic meters, according to Reuters calculations.
Russia's gas pipeline export monopoly Gazprom plunged to a net loss of $7 billion in 2023, its first annual loss since 1999, because of the loss EU's gas markets.
Russia has said it would be ready to extend the transit deal but Kyiv has repeatedly said it won't do it.
Another option is for Gazprom to supply some of the gas via another route, for example via TurkStream, Bulgaria, Serbia or Hungary. However, capacity via these routes is limited.
The EU and Ukraine have also asked Azerbaijan to facilitate discussions with Russia regarding the gas transit deal, an Azeri presidential advisor told Reuters, who declined to give further details.