Centuries-Old Saudi Mosques Undergo Historic Restoration ahead of Tourism Reopening

The Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU) announced on Tuesday that it is in the final stages of restoration work on the centuries-old Hamad Bin Yunus and AlZawiyah mosques in AlUla Old Town. For over 800 years a stopping point for pilgrims to Makkah and situated near the ancient earlier spice and incense trade routes, the town was only abandoned in the early 1980s.

Now, AlUla Old Town is undergoing restoration and conservation efforts by RCU as part of a wider effort to share and celebrate its over 200,000 years of human heritage with the world as it prepares to responsibly reopen for tourism next month. This heritage includes the Nabataean tombs of Hegra, Saudi Arabia’s first UNESCO World Heritage inscribed site.

Dr. Abdulrahman AlSuhaibani, Consultant for Archaeology and Heritage at RCU, said: “From pre-historic burial sites to the cutting edge Maraya venue, and from pre-Islamic Kingdoms of Dadan and Lihyan to the Islamic Old Town, we’re excited to celebrate and share the cultural oasis that is AlUla with the world.”

“As we explore and make new discoveries across over 22,000 km2 of heritage, we’re committed to protecting and preserving AlUla’s incredible human history for the benefit of residents and visitors alike. These two mosques were once vital to their community, and we look forward to them bringing people together once more.”

Return to traditional conservation methods
RCU is committed to working to international best-practice standards in restoration and conservation. It has worked closely with both international experts and AlUla’s community to not only restore the mosques and other sites, but also to understand better the traditional building techniques originally used. Based on archaeological research and conversations with the community, RCU and its partners have been able to carry out the restorations using traditional methods and materials.

In restoring the mosques’ roofs, the restoration team used locally-sourced tamarisk wood joists, which were then layered with palm-leaf branches (jarid) and palm-leaf matting (hassir). The final element of straw and mud bricks on top provides light-weight and historically accurate protection against the elements.

The use of similarly traditional techniques extended to the restoration of the mosques’ walls and floors, from which modern concrete and plaster was carefully removed, allowing the brickwork beneath to be carefully studied. Traditional mud-plaster was then hand applied in age-old fashion by first throwing balls of mud at the walls during shady times of the day to prevent drying, then smoothing down with a wooden flattener.

As Abdulrahman AlImam, an AlUla local and conservation consultant for the project, states, “Natural clay, wood and palm leaves were - and now are again - used in the roofs of buildings in the Old Town. The building materials used are characterized by the unique nature and heritage of AlUla.”

Embracing global standards
This traditionally minded approach is in-line with UNESCO’s conservation principles of authenticity, integrity, reversibility, minimum intervention and maximum respect for the sites’ historical, symbolic and aesthetic characters. In addition, the conservation team adhered closely to international conservation charters, in particular the International Council on Monuments and Sites’ (ICOMOS) Mexico Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage and the ICOMOS Charter of 2003, as well as to standards set by the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM).

Community consultation
In keeping with UNESCO’s principles of community engagement around heritage sites, RCU is also working closely with the community on understanding and conserving the Old Town and its mosques. The community had been responsible for maintaining the mosques and other buildings for generations. Members of the community, some of them children and grandchildren of former residents, such as Abdulrahman AlImam, joined the international experts to lend their own knowledge and deep interest in revitalizing the Old Town. Indeed, recording oral histories of the Old Town from AlUla’s community has been vital to building up a better understanding of its history and role in wider Saudi and Islamic society.

The Hamad Bin Yunus and AlZawiyah mosques are both located in the AlHalaf neighborhood south of the Mussa Bin Nussair citadel and reflect AlUla’s history as an important stopping point on pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina. The Hamad Bin Yunus mosque dates from the 8th century AH (14th century CE), while the dates of AlZawiyah mosque’s original construction are still being investigated.

RCU is actively collaborating with The Program for the Reconstruction of Historical Mosques, adopted by the Saudi Ministry of Tourism and with the partnership of the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, to ensure the mosques’ religious roles are fully respected. Both mosques have undergone a series of restorations in their history, the most recent occurring in 1373 AH (between 1953 and 1954 CE), during the reign of his late Majesty King Saud.

Mohsen AlQarni, Director of the Program for the Reconstruction of Historical Mosques, said: “The restoration of the Hamad Bin Yunus and AlZawiyah mosques in the Old Town comes within the framework of the Historic Mosques Restoration Program, which aims to preserve historical mosques all around the Kingdom.”

The living museum
RCU’s mosque conservation program is part of its commitment to protecting, preserving, sharing and celebrating AlUla’s heritage as it establishes AlUla as a living museum, at the forefront of Saudi Arabia’s cultural, historic and natural tourism sectors.

This program and others are running in parallel with efforts to develop new hotels and other tourism infrastructure that stands in harmony with AlUla’s cultural landscape. This coming together of history and modernity will create authentic experiences for visitors as they journey through time from the award winning 21st century architecture of Maraya to the architecture of centuries and millennia before it.

RCU’s vision to establish AlUla as a global destination for cultural, historic, and eco-tourism will also elevate the quality of life for the region’s communities through new economic opportunities, in-line with Saudi Arabia’s ambitious Vision 2030 program. This development is guided by 12 strategic principles drawn from RCU’s Framework Plan and Charter ensuring all development is sustainable and supports RCU’s Cultural Manifesto for AlUla.

The spread of a mosquito in East Africa that thrives in urban areas and is immune to insecticide is fueling a surge in malaria that could reverse decades of progress against the disease, experts say.
Africa accounted for about 95 percent of the 249 million malaria cases and 608,000 deaths worldwide in 2022, according to the most recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO), which said children under five accounted for 80 percent of deaths in the region, AFP reported.
But the emergence of an invasive species of mosquito on the continent could massively increase those numbers.
Anopheles stephensi is native to parts of South Asia and the Middle East but was spotted for the first time in the tiny Horn of Africa state of Djibouti in 2012.
Djibouti had all but eradicated malaria only to see it make a slow but steady return over the following years, hitting more than 70,000 cases in 2020.
Then stephensi arrived in neighboring Ethiopia and WHO says it is key to an "unprecedented surge", from 4.1 million malaria cases and 527 deaths last year to 7.3 million cases and 1,157 deaths between January 1 and October 20, 2024.
Unlike other species which are seasonal and prefer rural areas, stephensi thrives year-round in urban settings, breeding in man-made water storage tanks, roof gutters or even air conditioning units.
It appears to be highly resistant to insecticides, and bites earlier in the evening than other carriers. That means bed nets -- up to now the prime weapon against malaria -- may be much less effective.
"The invasion and spread of Anopheles stephensi has the potential to change the malaria landscape in Africa and reverse decades of progress we've made towards malaria control," Meera Venkatesan, malaria division chief for USAID, told AFP.
'More research is needed'
The fear is that stephensi will infest dense cities like Mombasa on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast and Sudan's capital Khartoum, with one 2020 study warning it could eventually reach 126 million city-dwellers across Africa.
Only last month, Egypt was declared malaria-free by WHO after a century-long battle against the disease -- a status that could be threatened by stephensi's arrival.
Much remains unknown, however.
Stephensi was confirmed as present in Kenya in late 2022, but has so far stayed in hotter, dryer areas without reaching the high-altitude capital, Nairobi.
"We don't yet fully understand the biology and behavior of this mosquito," Charles Mbogo, president of the Pan-African Mosquito Control Association, told AFP.
"Possibly it is climate-driven and requires high temperatures, but much more research is needed."
He called for increased funding for capturing and testing mosquitos, and for educating the public on prevention measures such as covering water receptacles.
Multiplying threats
The spread of stephensi could dovetail with other worrying trends, including increased evidence of drug resistant malaria recorded in Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania and Eritrea.
"The arrival of resistance is imminent," said Dorothy Achu, WHO's head of tropical and vector-borne diseases in Africa.
WHO is working with countries to diversify treatment programs to delay resistance, she said.
A new malaria variant is also evading tests used to diagnose the disease.
"The increased transmission that stephensi is driving could potentially help accelerate the spread of other threats, such as drug resistance or another mutation in the parasite that leads it to be less detectable by our most widely-used diagnostics," said Venkatesan at USAID.
Another added challenge is the lack of coordination between African governments.
Achu said WHO is working on "a more continental approach".
But Mbogo in Kenya said "more political will" was needed.

Centuries-Old Saudi Mosques Undergo Historic Restoration ahead of Tourism Reopening