Centuries-Old Saudi Mosques Undergo Historic Restoration ahead of Tourism Reopening

The Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU) announced on Tuesday that it is in the final stages of restoration work on the centuries-old Hamad Bin Yunus and AlZawiyah mosques in AlUla Old Town. For over 800 years a stopping point for pilgrims to Makkah and situated near the ancient earlier spice and incense trade routes, the town was only abandoned in the early 1980s.

Now, AlUla Old Town is undergoing restoration and conservation efforts by RCU as part of a wider effort to share and celebrate its over 200,000 years of human heritage with the world as it prepares to responsibly reopen for tourism next month. This heritage includes the Nabataean tombs of Hegra, Saudi Arabia’s first UNESCO World Heritage inscribed site.

Dr. Abdulrahman AlSuhaibani, Consultant for Archaeology and Heritage at RCU, said: “From pre-historic burial sites to the cutting edge Maraya venue, and from pre-Islamic Kingdoms of Dadan and Lihyan to the Islamic Old Town, we’re excited to celebrate and share the cultural oasis that is AlUla with the world.”

“As we explore and make new discoveries across over 22,000 km2 of heritage, we’re committed to protecting and preserving AlUla’s incredible human history for the benefit of residents and visitors alike. These two mosques were once vital to their community, and we look forward to them bringing people together once more.”

Return to traditional conservation methods
RCU is committed to working to international best-practice standards in restoration and conservation. It has worked closely with both international experts and AlUla’s community to not only restore the mosques and other sites, but also to understand better the traditional building techniques originally used. Based on archaeological research and conversations with the community, RCU and its partners have been able to carry out the restorations using traditional methods and materials.

In restoring the mosques’ roofs, the restoration team used locally-sourced tamarisk wood joists, which were then layered with palm-leaf branches (jarid) and palm-leaf matting (hassir). The final element of straw and mud bricks on top provides light-weight and historically accurate protection against the elements.

The use of similarly traditional techniques extended to the restoration of the mosques’ walls and floors, from which modern concrete and plaster was carefully removed, allowing the brickwork beneath to be carefully studied. Traditional mud-plaster was then hand applied in age-old fashion by first throwing balls of mud at the walls during shady times of the day to prevent drying, then smoothing down with a wooden flattener.

As Abdulrahman AlImam, an AlUla local and conservation consultant for the project, states, “Natural clay, wood and palm leaves were - and now are again - used in the roofs of buildings in the Old Town. The building materials used are characterized by the unique nature and heritage of AlUla.”

Embracing global standards
This traditionally minded approach is in-line with UNESCO’s conservation principles of authenticity, integrity, reversibility, minimum intervention and maximum respect for the sites’ historical, symbolic and aesthetic characters. In addition, the conservation team adhered closely to international conservation charters, in particular the International Council on Monuments and Sites’ (ICOMOS) Mexico Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage and the ICOMOS Charter of 2003, as well as to standards set by the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM).

Community consultation
In keeping with UNESCO’s principles of community engagement around heritage sites, RCU is also working closely with the community on understanding and conserving the Old Town and its mosques. The community had been responsible for maintaining the mosques and other buildings for generations. Members of the community, some of them children and grandchildren of former residents, such as Abdulrahman AlImam, joined the international experts to lend their own knowledge and deep interest in revitalizing the Old Town. Indeed, recording oral histories of the Old Town from AlUla’s community has been vital to building up a better understanding of its history and role in wider Saudi and Islamic society.

The Hamad Bin Yunus and AlZawiyah mosques are both located in the AlHalaf neighborhood south of the Mussa Bin Nussair citadel and reflect AlUla’s history as an important stopping point on pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina. The Hamad Bin Yunus mosque dates from the 8th century AH (14th century CE), while the dates of AlZawiyah mosque’s original construction are still being investigated.

RCU is actively collaborating with The Program for the Reconstruction of Historical Mosques, adopted by the Saudi Ministry of Tourism and with the partnership of the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, to ensure the mosques’ religious roles are fully respected. Both mosques have undergone a series of restorations in their history, the most recent occurring in 1373 AH (between 1953 and 1954 CE), during the reign of his late Majesty King Saud.

Mohsen AlQarni, Director of the Program for the Reconstruction of Historical Mosques, said: “The restoration of the Hamad Bin Yunus and AlZawiyah mosques in the Old Town comes within the framework of the Historic Mosques Restoration Program, which aims to preserve historical mosques all around the Kingdom.”

The living museum
RCU’s mosque conservation program is part of its commitment to protecting, preserving, sharing and celebrating AlUla’s heritage as it establishes AlUla as a living museum, at the forefront of Saudi Arabia’s cultural, historic and natural tourism sectors.

This program and others are running in parallel with efforts to develop new hotels and other tourism infrastructure that stands in harmony with AlUla’s cultural landscape. This coming together of history and modernity will create authentic experiences for visitors as they journey through time from the award winning 21st century architecture of Maraya to the architecture of centuries and millennia before it.

RCU’s vision to establish AlUla as a global destination for cultural, historic, and eco-tourism will also elevate the quality of life for the region’s communities through new economic opportunities, in-line with Saudi Arabia’s ambitious Vision 2030 program. This development is guided by 12 strategic principles drawn from RCU’s Framework Plan and Charter ensuring all development is sustainable and supports RCU’s Cultural Manifesto for AlUla.

Beneath the blazing Egyptian sun, crowds at the Giza Pyramids gazed up at the ancient wonders, but some had their eyes peeled for a new attraction.

"There he is," one Polish tourist told his wife as they spotted a scrappy dog perched on one of the stones.

They were talking about Apollo, a stray who became an overnight sensation last month after being filmed scaling the Great Pyramid of Khafre, one of the seven wonders of the world.
The viral footage, captured by American paragliding enthusiast Alex Lang and shared online by his friend Marshall Mosher, showed Apollo fearlessly climbing the 136-metre monument, barking at birds from the summit.
"He was acting like a king," Lang told AFP.

As news of Apollo's daring climb spread worldwide, interest grew in the dogs who have long made their homes among the ancient stones.

"He is climbing over there," said Arkadiusz Jurys, a tourist from Poland, craning his neck for a better view.

"It is unusual," he added, describing Apollo as surveying the picture-snapping crowd from above.

Another visitor, Diego Vega from Argentina, felt a special bond with the dogs.

"Connecting with them feels like connecting with the pharaohs," he said, while petting a member of Apollo's pack.

- Sales up -

Apollo's newfound fame has even inspired local guides to include him and his pack in their stories for tourists.

"This is Anubis," one tour guide told two American tourists, comparing Apollo, now known as the "pyramid puppy", with the ancient Egyptian god of the dead, often depicted as a man with a jackal's head.

"He and his pack are now part of our tour conversations," said Sobhi Fakhry, another tour guide.

Businesses around the Giza plateau are also seeing a boost.

Umm Basma, a 43-year-old woman selling souvenirs near the Khafre pyramid, reported an increase in sales thanks to the influx of tourists eager to meet the so-called pyramid dogs.

"We've always seen these dogs climbing the pyramids, but we never thought they would become a blessing for us," she said.

One pyramid guard, who preferred to remain anonymous, also said that some celebrities had paid for permits to have their own dogs photographed with Apollo.

Apollo, a three-year-old Baladi dog, is part of a pack of about eight that has made their home among the ancient ruins.

The dogs, a local breed, are known for their resilience, intelligence and ability to survive in Egypt's harsh climate.

Ibrahim el-Bendary, co-founder of the American Cairo Animal Rescue Foundation, which monitors the pyramid dogs, described Apollo as the pack's "alpha male".

"He is the bravest and strongest in his pack," he said.

Apollo was born in a rocky crevice within the Khafre pyramid where his mother, Laika, found shelter. Sadly, some of Apollo's siblings did not survive the site's perilous heights.

A sympathetic guard eventually relocated Laika to a safer spot where Apollo now stands out with his distinctive curled tail and confident nature.

- Dog adoptions -

The initial focus of Lang and Marshall was the daring canine climber, but their visit led to a deeper connection with Cairo's stray dogs.

Intrigued by the challenges they face, Mosher decided to adopt a puppy from the pack: Anubi, who is Apollo's daughter.

Anubi will join Marshall in the US after she receives the dedicated care she needs in Egypt to grow up healthy.

At the pyramids, local animal care groups are now working with the government in order to set up food and water stations for the strays, as well as for other animals including camels and horses.

A permanent veterinary center will be established at the pyramids with staff set to receive animal care training, said Egypt's tourism minister.

Vicki Michelle Brown, the other co-founder of the American Cairo Animal Rescue Foundation, believes that Apollo's story can make a difference.

"It sheds so much light on the dogs and cats that are here," Brown said.

"I definitely believe him (Apollo) climbing the pyramids can help all of the dogs in Egypt to have a better life."

Centuries-Old Saudi Mosques Undergo Historic Restoration ahead of Tourism Reopening