Science Seeks Ancient Plants to Save Favorite Foods

To reintroduce genetic plant diversity scientists are looking for the ancient ancestors of domesticated crops E. COUTURON IRD/AFP/File
To reintroduce genetic plant diversity scientists are looking for the ancient ancestors of domesticated crops E. COUTURON IRD/AFP/File
TT
20

Science Seeks Ancient Plants to Save Favorite Foods

To reintroduce genetic plant diversity scientists are looking for the ancient ancestors of domesticated crops E. COUTURON IRD/AFP/File
To reintroduce genetic plant diversity scientists are looking for the ancient ancestors of domesticated crops E. COUTURON IRD/AFP/File

From a bowl of rice to a cup of coffee, experts say the foods we take for granted could become much scarcer unless we can make them resistant to climate change.

For more than 10,000 years humans have been using selective breeding to adapt fruits and vegetables to specific growing conditions that today are changing at an alarming rate.

And the same breeding that has made crops profitable has also made them vulnerable to rising temperatures, drought, heavy rains, new blights or plagues of insects, reported Agence France-Presse.

"When you select 'for the best' traits (like higher yields), you lose certain types of genes," Benjamin Kilian, project lead for the Crop Wild Relatives Project at Crop Trust, told AFP.

"We lost genetic diversity during domestication history... therefore the potential of the elite crops to further adapt to the future -- to climate change and other challenges -- is limited."

The answer, scientists say, may be to reintroduce that genetic diversity by going back to domesticated crops' wild ancestors.

- Disappearing farmlands -
According to a study published in May, global warming risks shifting nearly a third of agricultural production outside its ideal climate for cultivation.

The International Potato Center predicts a 32-percent drop in harvests of potatoes and sweet potatoes by 2060 due to climate change, while some estimates say coffee growers will lose half of adapted lands before 2050.

Rice, the world's most important staple food crop, contributes massively to global warming by releasing methane as it is cultivated. It is also threatened by rising seas that could put too much salt into the water that floods rice paddies.

Older forms of these crops might have had resistance to salt water or high temperatures coded into their genes -- and to get them back, experts are looking for their ancestors in the wild.

"We're going to need to use as much biodiversity as we can... because it reduces risks, it provides options," says agriculture expert Marleni Ramirez of Biodiversity International.

One potential resource is gene banks, like the Kew Millennium Seed Bank which has nearly 40,000 species of wild plants.

"But not all wild relatives are in the gene banks," says Kilian.

Instead, he says it's up to expert botanists to take undertake a time-consuming search throughout the wild, whose success can sometimes rely on luck.

- Race against time -
Between 2013 and 2018 the Global Crop Diversity Trust gathered more than 4,600 samples from 371 wild cousins of 28 priority crops including wheat, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas and apples.

Botanist Aaron Davis works at the Kew Royal Botanic Gardens that partners with Crop Trust.

With his colleagues, he discovered a wild species of coffee in Sierra Leone that is more resistant to climate change than the widely harvested arabica.

And he says they found it just in time.

"If we had gone to Sierra Leone in 10 years, it would probably have been extinct," says Davis.

"Of 124 coffee species, 60 percent are threatened with extinction, including the ones we might use for breeding new resilient coffees."

In a survey of four Central American countries, one in four plants analyzed was threatened with extinction, including 70 wild species connected to major cultivated crops like corn and squash.

And the race isn't over once they've been harvested.

Wild plants may not be adapted to large-scale agriculture and creating new varieties can take years or even decades -- perhaps too long to provide an answer to an impending food crisis.

Instead, experts say, we may have to find a way to live without certain staples.

According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization, while the planet is home to some 50,000 edible plants, just three of them -- rice, maize and wheat -- provide 60 percent of the world's food energy intake.

Their disappearance could leave billions wondering what to eat and millions of farmers looking for a new way to survive.



Saudi Arabia Unveils 8-Million-Year-Old Longest Climate Record

Work of the scientific team at the discovery sites (Heritage Commission)
Work of the scientific team at the discovery sites (Heritage Commission)
TT
20

Saudi Arabia Unveils 8-Million-Year-Old Longest Climate Record

Work of the scientific team at the discovery sites (Heritage Commission)
Work of the scientific team at the discovery sites (Heritage Commission)

The Saudi Heritage Commission has unveiled new evidence of recurrent humid periods that shaped the Arabian Peninsula’s climate over the past 8 million years.

The research, conducted under the Green Arabia Project, is based on one of the longest and most precisely dated cave records ever collected from central Arabia.

Dr. Ajab Alotibi, Director of Antiquities at the Heritage Commission, announced the findings during a press conference held in Riyadh on Wednesday. It is worth noting that the study was published in the science journal Nature.

The study’s findings are based on the analysis of 22 cave formations—scientifically known as speleothems—extracted from seven sinkholes located northeast of Riyadh, near the Shuwayyah area in Rumah Governorate.

Locally, these limestone caves are known as Duhool Al-Summan.

The climate record, preserved in the mineral layers of the stalagmites and stalactites, indicates recurring humid phases over the past eight million years. These wet spells created fertile ecosystems across the Arabian Peninsula, starkly contrasting with today’s harsh desert environment.

According to the study, the Saudi desert—currently one of the world’s largest geographic barriers due to its extreme aridity—once served as a natural corridor for animal and human migrations between Africa, Asia, and Europe.

The researchers found that these ancient wet periods played a crucial role in facilitating the movement of species and early humans across the interconnected continents.

The findings also support earlier fossil evidence from the Arabian Desert that points to the presence of water-dependent species, such as crocodiles, horses, and hippopotamuses.

These animals thrived in riverine and lake-rich environments that no longer exist in the modern desert, highlighting the region’s dramatic environmental transformation.