Changing Guard at Buckingham Palace: Camilla Steps Up

This photo taken in May 2017 shows Britain's Prince Charles and his wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall in Clarence House, London. (Mario Testino via Clarence House via AP)
This photo taken in May 2017 shows Britain's Prince Charles and his wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall in Clarence House, London. (Mario Testino via Clarence House via AP)
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Changing Guard at Buckingham Palace: Camilla Steps Up

This photo taken in May 2017 shows Britain's Prince Charles and his wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall in Clarence House, London. (Mario Testino via Clarence House via AP)
This photo taken in May 2017 shows Britain's Prince Charles and his wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall in Clarence House, London. (Mario Testino via Clarence House via AP)

A gradual changing of the guard is happening at the head of Britain's royal family, as Queen Elizabeth II steps back from public engagements due to her advanced age and health.

The 95-year-old monarch's eldest son and heir, Charles, Prince of Wales, has been shouldering more of the burden of official duties for several years, including overseas.

But his wife, Camilla, is increasingly stepping into the fray, both online during coronavirus pandemic restrictions in the past year and now in person, after curbs were lifted.

Joining the couple at the royal vanguard are Charles' eldest son from his first marriage to Princess Diana, William, and his wife, Kate.

As a result, they have earned a greater share of the media coverage that would previously have gone to the monarch, who has been advised to rest by doctors.

Their presence at events -- from the world premiere of the latest James Bond film to meeting world leaders at the G7 and UN climate summits -- is a clear sign of change to come.

Joe Little, managing editor of Majesty Magazine, told AFP their visibility "will accelerate within the fullness of time".

"But a lot of people are now familiar with Camilla and are getting to know her," he added.

- Rehabilitation -
Camilla, 74, also known as the Duchess of Cornwall, will become consort when Charles, 72, takes the throne. William, 39, will move up the line of succession to heir apparent.

Only a few years ago, a different "Fab Four" were seen as the future of Britain's most famous family: William and Kate along with his younger brother Harry and his wife Meghan.

But plans changed dramatically last year when Harry and Meghan moved to the United States, from where they have criticized the family and even accused it of racism.

The rise of Camilla -- once a hate-figure for being "the other woman" in Charles and Diana's marriage -- has been remarkable.

"Her position has certainly evolved and there's been a huge and very long process of rehabilitation since... she was described as this rottweiler at the time of Diana," royal historian Anna Whitelock told the Daily Express.

Camilla, like other royals, was forced into a more public role by the coronavirus pandemic, when the world moved online.

But she has taken on the role with aplomb and won fans, even if in the eyes of some she can never be forgiven for her role in the collapse of Charles and Diana's marriage.

"There are lots of Camilla supporters out there," said Little.

"The sense is she's coping with it very well. She's been a member of the royal family for 16 years, so she's had quite a bit of experience of high-profile things...

"She's become very proficient at it."

Since the death of the Queen's husband of 73 years, Prince Philip, in April, Camilla has been seen -- and heard -- more frequently at official royal engagements and charity events.

This week she accompanied Charles -- a longstanding environmentalist -- to the UN COP26 summit in Glasgow, to urge world leaders to stop runaway climate change.

Last month she and Charles, who married in 2005, supported the Queen at the official opening of the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh and the Welsh Assembly in Cardiff.

She was also present as the monarch undertook her first ceremonial engagement since her husband's death -- the State Opening of Parliament in May.

In the coming weeks, the couple embark on the first royal overseas tour since the start of the coronavirus pandemic, visiting Egypt, which will host COP27, and Jordan.

- Bigger role? -
Camilla's appearances elsewhere reflect her variety of interests, from promoting literacy via her popular Instagram book club to championing rescue animals.

She gave a well-received speech and backing to a campaign tackling violence against women, dovetailing with support given by Kate to the issue earlier this year.

Camilla has also made several television and radio appearances, speaking about her mother's battle with osteoporosis and her love of gardening and horse breeding.

Reports said she could soon take on a bigger role as one of the "counsellors of state", a group of senior royals appointed to step in if the Queen cannot perform her official duties.

Speculation has mounted because the other counsellors alongside Charles and William -- Prince Andrew and Harry -- are no longer serving royals.

"The Queen may look to add the Duchess of Cornwall, who would become a counsellor of state when Charles is king anyway," constitutional expert Craig Prescott from Bangor University told the Mail on Sunday.



Scientists Explore Where Consciousness Arises in the Brain

People are silhouetted against the setting sun on top of the Drachenberg in Berlin, Germany, Germany, August 19, 2019. (Reuters)
People are silhouetted against the setting sun on top of the Drachenberg in Berlin, Germany, Germany, August 19, 2019. (Reuters)
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Scientists Explore Where Consciousness Arises in the Brain

People are silhouetted against the setting sun on top of the Drachenberg in Berlin, Germany, Germany, August 19, 2019. (Reuters)
People are silhouetted against the setting sun on top of the Drachenberg in Berlin, Germany, Germany, August 19, 2019. (Reuters)

Consciousness is at the center of human existence, the ability to see, hear, dream, imagine, feel pain or pleasure, dread, love and more. But where precisely does this reside in the brain? That is a question that has long confounded scientists and clinicians. A new study is offering fresh insight.

In a quest to identify the parts of the brain underpinning consciousness, neuroscientists measured electrical and magnetic activity as well as blood flow in the brains of 256 people in 12 laboratories across the United States, Europe and China, while the participants viewed various images. The measurements tracked activation in various parts of the brain.

The researchers found that consciousness may not arise in the "smart" part of the brain - the frontal areas where thinking is housed, which progressively grew in the process of human evolution - but rather in the sensory zones at the back of the brain that process sight and sound.

"Why is any of this important?" asked neuroscientist Christof Koch of the Allen Institute in Seattle, one of the leaders of the study published this week in the journal Nature.

"If we want to understand the substrate of consciousness, who has it - adults, pre-linguistic children, a second trimester fetus, a dog, a mouse, a squid, a raven, a fly - we need to identify the underlying mechanisms in the brain, both for conceptual reasons as well as for clinical ones," Koch said.

The subjects in the study were shown images of people's faces and various objects.

"Consciousness is the way it feels like to see a drawing of a toaster or Jill's face. Consciousness is not the same as the behavior associated with this feeling, for example pushing a button or saying, 'I see Jill,'" Koch said.

The researchers tested two leading scientific theories about consciousness.

Under the Global Neuronal Workspace Theory, consciousness materializes in the front of the brain, with important pieces of information then broadcast widely throughout the brain. Under the Integrated Information Theory, consciousness emanates from the interaction and cooperation of various parts of the brain as they work collectively to integrate information that is consciously experienced.

The findings did not square with either theory.

"Where are the neuronal footprints of consciousness in the brain? Very crudely put, are they in the front of the cortex - the outermost layer of the brain - such as the prefrontal cortex, as predicted by the Global Neuronal Workspace Theory?" Koch asked.

It is this prefrontal cortex that makes our species uniquely human, driving higher-order cognitive processes such as planning, decision-making, reasoning, personality expression, and moderating social behavior.

"Or are the footprints in the back regions of the cortex, the posterior cortex?" Koch asked. The posterior cortex houses the regions where hearing and vision processing occurs.

"Here, the evidence is decidedly in favor of the posterior cortex. Either information pertaining to the conscious experience couldn't be found in the front or it was far weaker than in the back. This supports the idea that while the frontal lobes are critical to intelligence, judgment, reasoning, etc., they are not critically involved in seeing, in conscious visual perception," Koch said.

However, the study did not identify enough connections that last for as long as the conscious experience in the back of the brain to uphold the Integrated Information Theory.

There are practical applications in gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanics of consciousness in the brain.

Koch said it would be important for how doctors deal with patients in a coma or patients in a vegetative state or with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, when they are awake but present no signs of awareness due to traumatic brain injury, stroke, cardiac arrest, a drug overdose or other causes.

"If the patient remains in this unresponsive state for longer than a few days without signs of recovery, the clinical team initiates discussion with the family around, 'Is this what they would have wanted?'" Koch said.

Of such patients, 70% to 90% die because a decision has been made to withdraw life-sustaining treatment.

"However, we now know that around a quarter of patients in either coma or vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome are conscious - covert consciousness - yet are unable to signal this at the bedside," Koch said, referring to research published last year in the New England Journal of Medicine. "Knowing about the footprints of consciousness in the brain will let us better detect this covert form of 'being there' without being able to signal."