عربي English Türkçe اردو فارسى
Logo
Latest News
Technology

Deep Learning Helps Recover Historic Inscriptions with Unprecedented Precision

A conservationist works on a 1,500-year-old mosaic floor bearing Greek writing, discovered in Jerusalem's Old City. (Reuters file photo)
A conservationist works on a 1,500-year-old mosaic floor bearing Greek writing, discovered in Jerusalem's Old City. (Reuters file photo)
    Paris, London - Asharq Al-Awsat
TT
TT

Deep Learning Helps Recover Historic Inscriptions with Unprecedented Precision

A conservationist works on a 1,500-year-old mosaic floor bearing Greek writing, discovered in Jerusalem's Old City. (Reuters file photo)
A conservationist works on a 1,500-year-old mosaic floor bearing Greek writing, discovered in Jerusalem's Old City. (Reuters file photo)

A new AI-based deep learning technique has recovered ancient Greek texts, determined they date to the 5th century AD, and pinpointed their original location with an unprecedented precision.

According to Agence France Press (AFP), this technique described in the journal Nature, allows historians specializing in epigraphy to track tens of thousands of inscriptions engraved in stone, clay or metal.

Many of these inscriptions have deteriorated over time, leaving some text unreadable due to missing pieces or transfer from original site, and therefore, the radiocarbon dating technique cannot be used in this case.

To help epigraphists decipher these inscriptions, researchers from the Universities of Venice, Oxford, Athens in collaboration with Google’s DeepMind lab have developed a deep learning tool, an artificial intelligence technique that uses a “neural network” that simulates the human brain.

Named Ithaca, after the island of Odysseus in “The Iliad and The Odyssey”, this tool was trained on nearly 80,000 texts from the Packard Humanities Institute database, the largest digital collection of ancient Greek inscriptions. Ithaca’s language processing technique considers the order in which words appear in sentences and their links to each other to better contextualize them.

Because the texts feature many gaps, Ithaca had to merge the words and characters scattered on the stones. It then examined decrees from the 5th century BC engraved on stones from the Acropolis of Athens.

The tool assumed that the letter sequencing could help fill in the gaps in accordance with the historical context. For example, it suggested the word “covenant” to fill a six-character word missing from an oath of allegiance to a city in Athens. Then, the final decision to select the most credible prediction was left to the historians.

But their work was made much easier, as the work of Ithaca alone was 62% accurate. And when used by historians, the accuracy rate of the tool, described as“accessible”, jumped from 25% to 72%, explained the study published in the journal Nature, highlighting the benefits of man-machine cooperation.

Most Viewed

 
 
Technology

PlayStation at 30: How Sony's Grey Box Conquered Gaming

The little grey box sold 102 million units. Richard A. Brooks / AFP
The little grey box sold 102 million units. Richard A. Brooks / AFP
TT
TT

PlayStation at 30: How Sony's Grey Box Conquered Gaming

The little grey box sold 102 million units. Richard A. Brooks / AFP
The little grey box sold 102 million units. Richard A. Brooks / AFP

Japanese electronics giant Sony is set to celebrate 30 years since it launched the PlayStation console, the little grey box that catapulted the firm into the gaming big league.
PlayStation was Sony's first foray into the world of video games and when it hit the shelves in Japan on December 3, 1994, the company needed to sell one million units to cover its costs, AFP said.
In the end, the gadget became a legend, selling more than 102 million units, helping to launch many of the industry's best-loved franchises and positioning Sony as a heavyweight in a hugely lucrative sector.
"PlayStation changed the history of video games," said Hiroyuki Maeda, a Japanese specialist in video game history.
"It truly transformed everything: hardware, software, distribution and marketing."
One of the keys to its success was broadening the appeal of a pastime that had often been dismissed as a hobby for children.
From the off, the firm was clear that it wanted to trash this image.
In part this stems from Sony's rivalry with Nintendo, which was already a dominant player in the sector by the mid-1990s, but whose games skewed young.
Sony 'humiliated'
The original PlayStation can trace its history to a falling out between the two great Japanese firms.
They had partnered in the late 1980s to develop a version of the Super Nintendo console with an in-built CD player.
But Nintendo suspected Sony were using the project as a way to muscle into the gaming sector and abruptly cancelled the partnership in 1991.
"Sony found itself in a humiliating position," said Maeda, so pushed ahead with the project by itself.
The hardware proved to be revolutionary, CD-ROMs being cheaper and storing much more data than the cartridges used by Nintendo and other consoles.
And to further distinguish itself from Nintendo, Sony courted a young adult audience with fighting games like "Tekken", out-and-out horror with "Resident Evil" and "Silent Hill", and military titles like "Metal Gear Solid".
Its advertising also followed a more grown-up path.
Hollywood auteur David Lynch was drafted in to direct ads for the PS2 launched in 2000 -- conjuring a nightmare vision of floating heads and talking ducks certainly not meant for younger audiences.
"The older audience obviously had better purchasing power than children," said Philippe Dubois, founder of M05, a French association that aims to preserve digital heritage.
The PS2 is still the most successful console in history, having sold more than 160 million units.
'New sensations'
Over the past 30 years, the competition has intensified and the technology has been honed.
While Sega and other rivals have fallen by the wayside, Microsoft has entered the fray with its Xbox, and Nintendo is still on the scene with its Switch console.
But the industry is enduring tough times.
A surge in popularity and investment during the pandemic has subsided and Sony's PlayStation division recently laid off hundreds of workers.
Plenty of analysts are also predicting that cloud gaming will soon render consoles obsolete.
Sony appears undaunted though, recently launching an upgraded version of its PS5 with a marketing push that highlighted new AI features.
Bloomberg has reported that the Japanese firm is also planning a new hand-held version of the PlayStation, which would once again pit it against old rival Nintendo, undisputed king of portable devices.
However, for the purists, few innovations were as great as the original console's ability to handle 3D graphics.
The technology was instrumental for the appeal of classic games such as "Tomb Raider" and "Final Fantasy VII".
"We discovered sensations, emotions that we hadn't experienced with earlier consoles," said French YouTuber and PlayStation enthusiast Cyril 2.0.
He said he had collected almost every title released for the PlayStation in Europe -- some 1,400 -- and insisted the formula for success was not complicated.
"For consoles, games are still the most important thing," he said.