Typewriters are Still Thriving in Bolivia

AFP file photo showing a broken typewriter symbolically displayed outside Istanbul's courthouse on September 30, 2021 during a retrial of Reporters Without Borders (RSF) representative in Turkey on charges of making terror propaganda for Kurdish militants in Istanbul.
AFP file photo showing a broken typewriter symbolically displayed outside Istanbul's courthouse on September 30, 2021 during a retrial of Reporters Without Borders (RSF) representative in Turkey on charges of making terror propaganda for Kurdish militants in Istanbul.
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Typewriters are Still Thriving in Bolivia

AFP file photo showing a broken typewriter symbolically displayed outside Istanbul's courthouse on September 30, 2021 during a retrial of Reporters Without Borders (RSF) representative in Turkey on charges of making terror propaganda for Kurdish militants in Istanbul.
AFP file photo showing a broken typewriter symbolically displayed outside Istanbul's courthouse on September 30, 2021 during a retrial of Reporters Without Borders (RSF) representative in Turkey on charges of making terror propaganda for Kurdish militants in Istanbul.

Rogelio Condori clicks on his typewriter with his eyes focused on the paper. He has been working for around 40 years, in La Paz, in typing different types of papers, from administrative documents to love letters.

According to a report by Agence France Press (AFP), the 61-year-old man sits every day in the same place since 1985, in a crowded street in the Bolivian capital, wearing an elegant suit and a hat, with his Brother Deluxe vintage typewriter made in 1974.

“We still type many documents including tax forms and inheritance papers using the typewriter because they are not available online,” the typist said from behind a full-face plastic mask he wears to protect himself from the covid-19 infection.

Condori, who often types administrative paperwork, and love letters in some cases, charges his clients five to seven bolivianos (about $1) per page.

The old typist still recalls when he helped a man save his marriage by writing a letter to his wife in which he said: “My love... let our years together not be in vain. Please reconsider our situation.”

“He didn’t tell his wife that it was me who wrote the letter, but he came back later to tell me that the mission was accomplished,” he explains while laughing.

Two other typists come every morning and sit behind their small portable desks on the sidewalk next to Rogelio Condori.

Condori recently set up an office complete with internet and a computer, but he much prefers his "exciting" sidewalk perch.

In Bolivia, much administrative paperwork is unavailable online and must instead be submitted in typed form. About 60 percent of Bolivians have internet access, but connections are often slow.

“Typewriters are easier to use, and they are fast,” Rogelio said.

Marisol Poma, 39, became a typist eight years ago, and has a little office near Rogelio. “When kids see the typewriter, they ask their mothers what this small, square thing is,” she said laughing. Among the typists’ clients are young men and women, elderlies, students, employees, farmers, and retirees.

"I have not had good experiences with accountants and lawyers. On top of that, they charge a lot, while typists give their advice for free, " said Lazario Cucho, a 56-year-old farmer who has used Condori's services.

For her part, Nancy Vargas, one of Rogelio’s clients, prefers the clarity of computers, but chooses the practicality of the typewriter.

Wearing a loose-fitting skirt similar to traditional Andean clothing and a hat, the 40-year-old farmer was dictating to Rogelio a correspondence she wanted to submit to the bank to request a loan.

At 3:00 pm, Condori packs his mobile desk onto a cart, which he pushes to a nearby warehouse where it will stay overnight.

“I think this typewriting thing will continue. But in case it becomes extinct, I will die happy because I accomplished my mission,” said Condori of his craft.



Urban Mosquito Sparks Malaria Surge in East Africa

Bed nets -- up to now the prime weapon against malaria -- may be much less effective against the urban mosquito. YASUYOSHI CHIBA / AFP/File
Bed nets -- up to now the prime weapon against malaria -- may be much less effective against the urban mosquito. YASUYOSHI CHIBA / AFP/File
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Urban Mosquito Sparks Malaria Surge in East Africa

Bed nets -- up to now the prime weapon against malaria -- may be much less effective against the urban mosquito. YASUYOSHI CHIBA / AFP/File
Bed nets -- up to now the prime weapon against malaria -- may be much less effective against the urban mosquito. YASUYOSHI CHIBA / AFP/File

The spread of a mosquito in East Africa that thrives in urban areas and is immune to insecticide is fueling a surge in malaria that could reverse decades of progress against the disease, experts say.
Africa accounted for about 95 percent of the 249 million malaria cases and 608,000 deaths worldwide in 2022, according to the most recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO), which said children under five accounted for 80 percent of deaths in the region, AFP reported.
But the emergence of an invasive species of mosquito on the continent could massively increase those numbers.
Anopheles stephensi is native to parts of South Asia and the Middle East but was spotted for the first time in the tiny Horn of Africa state of Djibouti in 2012.
Djibouti had all but eradicated malaria only to see it make a slow but steady return over the following years, hitting more than 70,000 cases in 2020.
Then stephensi arrived in neighboring Ethiopia and WHO says it is key to an "unprecedented surge", from 4.1 million malaria cases and 527 deaths last year to 7.3 million cases and 1,157 deaths between January 1 and October 20, 2024.
Unlike other species which are seasonal and prefer rural areas, stephensi thrives year-round in urban settings, breeding in man-made water storage tanks, roof gutters or even air conditioning units.
It appears to be highly resistant to insecticides, and bites earlier in the evening than other carriers. That means bed nets -- up to now the prime weapon against malaria -- may be much less effective.
"The invasion and spread of Anopheles stephensi has the potential to change the malaria landscape in Africa and reverse decades of progress we've made towards malaria control," Meera Venkatesan, malaria division chief for USAID, told AFP.
'More research is needed'
The fear is that stephensi will infest dense cities like Mombasa on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast and Sudan's capital Khartoum, with one 2020 study warning it could eventually reach 126 million city-dwellers across Africa.
Only last month, Egypt was declared malaria-free by WHO after a century-long battle against the disease -- a status that could be threatened by stephensi's arrival.
Much remains unknown, however.
Stephensi was confirmed as present in Kenya in late 2022, but has so far stayed in hotter, dryer areas without reaching the high-altitude capital, Nairobi.
"We don't yet fully understand the biology and behavior of this mosquito," Charles Mbogo, president of the Pan-African Mosquito Control Association, told AFP.
"Possibly it is climate-driven and requires high temperatures, but much more research is needed."
He called for increased funding for capturing and testing mosquitos, and for educating the public on prevention measures such as covering water receptacles.
Multiplying threats
The spread of stephensi could dovetail with other worrying trends, including increased evidence of drug resistant malaria recorded in Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania and Eritrea.
"The arrival of resistance is imminent," said Dorothy Achu, WHO's head of tropical and vector-borne diseases in Africa.
WHO is working with countries to diversify treatment programs to delay resistance, she said.
A new malaria variant is also evading tests used to diagnose the disease.
"The increased transmission that stephensi is driving could potentially help accelerate the spread of other threats, such as drug resistance or another mutation in the parasite that leads it to be less detectable by our most widely-used diagnostics," said Venkatesan at USAID.
Another added challenge is the lack of coordination between African governments.
Achu said WHO is working on "a more continental approach".
But Mbogo in Kenya said "more political will" was needed.