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'Disposed' Mango Seeds Have Many Benefits, Studies Say

Farmers sort mangoes near Multan August 15, 2007. REUTERS/Asim Tanveer
Farmers sort mangoes near Multan August 15, 2007. REUTERS/Asim Tanveer
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'Disposed' Mango Seeds Have Many Benefits, Studies Say

Farmers sort mangoes near Multan August 15, 2007. REUTERS/Asim Tanveer
Farmers sort mangoes near Multan August 15, 2007. REUTERS/Asim Tanveer

Mango lovers' adventure with their favorite fruit ends when they eat it and reach the seed, which ends up in the garbage. However, this disposed of seed could have a high nutritional and pharmaceutical value, and could be used in producing biofuel, as suggested by many recent studies conducted by different teams around the world.

Egypt is the first in the Arabic region, and the eighth in the world, producing mango with 1.2 tons annually, concentrated in the Ismailia and Sharqia governorates, according to the Egyptian ministry of agriculture’s statistics.

Since mango emerged in Egypt, during the rule of Muhammad Ali Pasha, in 1825, mango seeds have been disposed of in garbage bins, making a scene that caught the attention of researchers around the world.

One study was conducted in Nigeria, which produces 917,000 tons of mango annually, by a team at the University of Nigeria’s department of biology, who figured out a way to produce biofuel using this neglected resource (mango seed).

In the study, which was published in last month’s issue of the journal Heliyon, researchers have proved that the starch in the mango seed can be used as an intermediate to produce Ethanol fuel.

The researchers explained that to produce starch, mango seeds need to be dried and grinded, then processed with alum. Then, two-hour hydrolysis involving Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) should be conducted to produce sugar and ethanol.

In addition to fuel, mango seeds can be used for nutritional and pharmaceutical purposes, such as producing an alternative to cacao butter, according to a study led by a team at the Innovative and Applied Biotherapy Center, India’s Ministry of Science and Technology. The findings were announced in the journal Food Chemistry in March.

Cocoa butter is a vegetable fat extracted from cocoa seeds. It’s characterized with a pale, yellow color, and is used to make chocolate, as well as some ointments, cosmetics, and makeup products.

After examining the tissues and characteristics of fats found in the mango seed kernels, the research team has proved that it can be used as an alternative to cocoa butter.

Researchers found that the characteristics of fats extracted from these seeds are comparable to cocoa butter, including the levels of palmitic, Oleic, citric acids. They also found that the material is 80 percent capable of replacing dark cocoa powder, which means it can be used as an alternative in chocolate-based products.

Another surprising application of mango seeds was discovered in Egypt. Researchers at the microbiology department, in the national research center, found that phenolic antioxidants extracted from mango seeds have a therapeutic effect in treating snake venom.

The study published in the Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (BJPS), in October 2018, showed that mango seeds extract contains high levels of phenols (17,400 mg/100 grams) and flavonoids (3,325 mg/gram), which are both characterized with high antioxidant activity, and thus, could be considered a potential treatment for snake bites.

Although the research teams proved these findings, Mohammed al-Maydani, associate professor at the engineering and material science at the German University in Cairo, explains that commercializing these ideas needs further study that prove mango seeds have an added value.

“The added value depends on the quantities of disposed seeds. If the quantity is large, it can be exploited in projects with medium or small added value. However, if the quantity is small, the added value should be high,” he explained to Asharq Al-Awsat.

Maydani suggests that based on the quantities of mango seeds wastes, drugs and cosmetics could be the perfect application.

In this context, the associate professor cited an example from The Netherlands, where a company manufactures leather bags using mango peel.

Speaking about the opportunities that such products could offer compared to products made from conventional resources, Maydani said that “the vital, circular economy”, which relies on appreciating and deploying natural wastes, will become a global industrial trend soon, and as many European countries have already started investing in this trend, we must have similar ideas in the Arab world.

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Varieties

Lonely Tree in Wales Is an Instagram Star, but its Fate Is Inevitable

The Lonely Tree, often pictured submerged in water, was first planted in 2010. (Getty Images)
The Lonely Tree, often pictured submerged in water, was first planted in 2010. (Getty Images)
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Lonely Tree in Wales Is an Instagram Star, but its Fate Is Inevitable

The Lonely Tree, often pictured submerged in water, was first planted in 2010. (Getty Images)
The Lonely Tree, often pictured submerged in water, was first planted in 2010. (Getty Images)

It is one of Wales' most-loved beauty spots - but the time of the so-called Lonely Tree being an Instagram star could be slowly coming to an end.

The birch tree's striking setting at Llyn Padarn in Eryri, also known as Snowdonia, draws photographers to capture the sight through the seasons, according to BBC.

But the local authority Cyngor Gwynedd has raised the prospect of the tree, which was planted around 2010, disappearing within the next decade or so.

A lack of nutrients in the soil means birch trees have “a relatively short lifespan” in the area, typically living for around 30 years, but the fact that The Lonely Tree is sometimes submerged in water means its time could be even shorter.

Thousands of walkers and photographers make their way there each year and the tree has many social media sites dedicated to it, including one with 3,500 members on Facebook.

Marc Lock from Bangor, Gwynedd, said: “The Lonely Tree holds a special place in my heart and that of my family.”

He added: “Nestled down by the Lonely Tree, it's a perfect spot for us to sit, reflect and soak in the breath-taking scenery. We often go paddleboarding there in the summer months.”

However, Lock said the area really became his sanctuary after his wife bought him a camera for Christmas and he took up photography.

It was the place he headed to straight away, and he returns regularly at various times of the day and throughout the seasons.

“It's my go-to spot whenever I have some free time and my camera in hand,” he added. “I can't imagine what I would do if anything devastating happened to it like that at the Sycamore Gap tree at Hadrian's Wall. It's simply unthinkable.”

The Sycamore Gap was a much-loved landmark beside Hadrian's Wall in Northumberland that also drew hikers and photographers from far and wide.

It was more than 100 years old and had been the scene of many proposals, with people making the trip there from around the world.

But it was cut down by vandals in September 2023, causing uproar, with thousands of people leaving tributes and posting messages about their love for the beauty spot.

Two men were jailed for four years and three months after admitting the illegal felling.

While maybe not quite as famous as the Sycamore Gap was, The Lonely Tree is every bit as special to those that hold it dear to their heart.

Varieties

Four Signs You're Self-Sabotaging Your Joy

Threat or uncertainty can reduce cognitive regulation and increase avoidance behaviors. (Indiana University)
Threat or uncertainty can reduce cognitive regulation and increase avoidance behaviors. (Indiana University)
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Four Signs You're Self-Sabotaging Your Joy

Threat or uncertainty can reduce cognitive regulation and increase avoidance behaviors. (Indiana University)
Threat or uncertainty can reduce cognitive regulation and increase avoidance behaviors. (Indiana University)

Most of us, at some point in our lives, have stood in the way of our own growth.

We make progress on a project, start to feel hopeful about a relationship, or finally get on track with a goal, and then we do something that undermines it.

We fall into a procrastination spiral, pick a fight, or simply quit; in doing so, we talk ourselves out of something that could potentially bring us happiness.

There’s a name for this kind of behavior: self-sabotage.

Dr. Mark Travers, an American psychologist with degrees from Cornell University and the University of Colorado Boulder, wrote an essay at Psychology Today about four well-studied reasons why people sabotage good things, based on research in psychology.

Avoiding blame

According to Travers, one of the most consistently researched patterns in self-sabotage comes from what psychologists call self-handicapping.

He said this is a behavior in which people create obstacles to their own success so that if they fail, they can blame external factors instead of internal ability.

A prime example comes from classic research in which researchers observed students who procrastinated studying for an important test. The ones who failed mostly attributed it to a lack of preparation rather than a lack of organization or discipline.

Self-handicapping is not simply laziness or whimsy. Rather, it is a strategy people use to protect their self-worth in situations where they might perform “poorly” or where they might be perceived as inadequate.

Fear of failure or success

People often think of the fear of failure as the main emotional driver behind self-sabotage.

But research points to the fear of success as an equal, yet less-talked-about engine of the phenomenon. Both fears can push people to undermine opportunities that are actually aligned with their long-term goals.

He said people who worry that failure will confirm their negative self-beliefs are more likely to adopt defensive avoidance tactics, like procrastination or quitting early.

Fear of success, though less widely discussed, operates in a similar fashion. What motivates this fear is the anxiety that comes with the consequences of success.

So, self-sabotaging success can be a way to stay within a comfort zone where expectations are familiar, even if that zone is unsatisfying.

Negative self-beliefs

Self-sabotage is tightly intertwined with how people view themselves. When someone doubts their worth, their ability, or their right to be happy, they may unconsciously act in ways that confirm those negative self-views.

Psychological theories help explain this.

Self-discrepancy theory proposes that people experience emotional discomfort when their actual self does not match their ideal self. This mismatch can lead to negative emotions such as shame, anxiety, or depression.

Coping with stress and anxiety

Self-sabotage often emerges in moments of high stress or emotional threat. When people feel overwhelmed, anxious, or stretched thin, their nervous systems shift into protective modes. Instead of moving forward, they retreat, avoid, or defensively withdraw.

Threat or uncertainty can reduce cognitive regulation and increase avoidance behaviors. In situations of perceived threat, even if the threat is potential success or evaluation, people can default to behaviors that feel safer, even if they undermine long-term goals.

Varieties

2025 Was the World’s Third-Warmest Year on Record, EU Scientists Say

This photograph taken in Lanester, western France on May 31, 2025, shows smoke rising from a factory. (AFP)
This photograph taken in Lanester, western France on May 31, 2025, shows smoke rising from a factory. (AFP)
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2025 Was the World’s Third-Warmest Year on Record, EU Scientists Say

This photograph taken in Lanester, western France on May 31, 2025, shows smoke rising from a factory. (AFP)
This photograph taken in Lanester, western France on May 31, 2025, shows smoke rising from a factory. (AFP)

The planet experienced its third-warmest year on record in 2025, and average temperatures have ​exceeded 1.5 degrees Celsius of global warming over three years, the longest period since records began, EU scientists said on Wednesday.

The data from the European Union's European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) found that the last three years were the planet's three hottest since records began - with 2025 marginally cooler than 2023, by just 0.01 C.

Britain's national weather service, the UK Met Office, confirmed its own data ranked 2025 as the third-warmest in records going back to 1850. The World Meteorological Organization will publish its temperature ‌figures later ‌on Wednesday.

The hottest year on record was 2024.

EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS

ECMWF ‌said ⁠the ​planet ‌also just had its first three-year period in which the average global temperature was 1.5 C above the pre-industrial era - the limit beyond which scientists expect global warming will unleash severe impacts, some of them irreversible.

"1.5 C is not a cliff edge. However, we know that every fraction of a degree matters, particularly for worsening extreme weather events," said Samantha Burgess, strategic lead for climate at ECMWF.

Governments pledged under the 2015 Paris Agreement to try to avoid exceeding ⁠1.5 C of global warming, measured as a decades-long average temperature compared with the pre-industrial era.

But their failure to reduce ‌greenhouse gas emissions means that level could now be ‍breached before 2030 - a decade earlier than ‍had been predicted when the Paris accord was signed in 2015, ECMWF said.

"We are ‍bound to pass it," said Carlo Buontempo, director of the EU's Copernicus Climate Change Service. "The choice we now have is how to best manage the inevitable overshoot and its consequences on societies and natural systems."

POLITICAL PUSHBACK

Currently, the world's long-term warming level is about 1.4 C above the pre-industrial ​era, ECMWF said. Measured on a short-term basis, the world already breached 1.5 C in 2024.

Exceeding the long-term 1.5 C limit - even if ⁠only temporarily - would lead to more extreme and widespread impacts, including hotter and longer heatwaves, and more powerful storms and floods.

In 2025, wildfires in Europe produced the highest total emissions on record, while scientific studies confirmed specific weather events were made worse by climate change, including Hurricane Melissa in the Caribbean and monsoon rains in Pakistan which killed more than 1,000 people in floods.

Despite these worsening impacts, climate science is facing increased political pushback. US President Donald Trump, who has called climate change "the greatest con job", last week withdrew from dozens of UN entities including the scientific Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The long-established consensus among the world's scientists is that climate change is real, mostly caused by humans, and getting worse. Its main cause ‌is greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which trap heat in the atmosphere.