Mysterious Stone Secrets in Saudi Arabia Uncovered

KAUST scientists have used deep learning algorithms to accelerate the examination of thousands of years old, giant, stone rectangles in the Saudi desert.

“An international study showed that the huge, mysterious stone structures known as ‘Mustatil’ (Arab word for ‘Rectangle’) in northwestern Saudi Arabia, are among the oldest archeological ruins in the world,” Saudi Minister of Culture, Prince Badr bin Abdullah bin Farhan, said in a tweet in 2021.

These historic sites, which are around 7,000 years old, bewildered researchers and scientists who have long sought to determine their nature and the reasons behind their construction. A recent study by the University of Cambridge suggested that these huge structures, comprising chambers, entrances, and seats, are more complicated than expected.

‘Smart’ archeological survey

For quicker results, researchers at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) have used an artificial intelligence network to carry out a detailed geological survey in the region, which hasn’t been sufficiently studied so far.

The team is composed of Dr. Silvio Giancola, researcher at KAUST’s Image and Video Understanding Lab (IVUL) and the Artificial Intelligence Initiative; Dr. Laurence Hapiot, archaeological research and cultural outreach fellow at KAUST; and Prof. Bernard Ghanem, IVUL senior researcher, and vice president of the Artificial Intelligence Initiative. The project is funded by the president bureau, dean bureau, and IVUL at KAUST.

AI tools are among the best methods used to assess archaeological sites and process general archaeological data, especially when it comes to spatial analyses such as the view field, which can be highly complicated without computers.

Rectangles of the desert

In 2020, the Saudi Heritage Commission announced that a scientific team discovered stone structures in the Nefud Desert, and identified the discovery as the oldest animal traps in the world, dating to 7,000 years.

According to the commission, the findings confirmed that the northern regions of the kingdom witnessed a cultural evolution in around 5,000 years BC. At the time, inhabitants built hundreds of large, stone constructions, which indicates cultural advancement in the region.

The fieldwork explored the archeological and environmental contexts of the stone constructions, especially the rectangle-shaped structure described as animal traps. These stone rectangles played a similar role and reflected a behavioral evolution that suggests a competition over pastures in complex, unstable environments in the Arabian Peninsula, even in periods of humidity like the Holocene era, during which people struggled with drought.

New research field

Inspired by a new research field known as ‘Computational archaeology’, this initiative used an AI software to model the exploration of stone structures with the help of satellites images.

Computational archaeology uses accurate, computer-based analytical methods including geographical information systems (GIS) to study data on long-term human behavior and behavioral evolution. Over more than a decade, archaeologists used available sources to manually analyze satellite images, and tools like Google Maps to search for possible archaeological sites.

In this project, KAUST’s researchers used automation to scan the unfamiliar, large rectangular stones in the Saudi Nefud Desert, in addition to other archaeological sites of circular and triangular shapes. The approach relies on machine learning algorithms fed with data sorted by Dr. Hapiot. Once the algorithms were trained, scientists became able to filter hundreds of similar characteristics on a wide scale. Now, when archaeologists discover a new structure, they can use the tool to convert similar pixels into geodetic data via GPS, and then combine results in a digital map and database for analysis.

“This demonstrates that KAUST is a unique research facility that excels in different faculties. Few environments can achieve an accelerated integration of deep, technical approaches like Artificial Intelligence in cooperation with archaeologists. This helped reach a different understanding of Nefud’s stone structures,” said Hapiot.

The extensively studied field in Nefud features thousands of massive, stone structures. Given that Saudi Arabia’s area is approximately two million square kilometers, geological surveys using conventional research operations and exploration methods could take months, or maybe years. But the new AI-based approach used by KAUST’s team took only five hours.

Commenting on the modern techniques used in this field, Dr. Jaser Suleiman al-Harbash, executive director of the Saudi Heritage Commission, said: “AI and machine learning processed huge sets of data from the Saudi archeological sites with an amazing speed. The commission hails the efforts made by KAUST to use the latest techniques in studying those ancient, stone structures. This can help us find more about the stones’ function and distribution, as well as the ancient civilization that built them.”

In addition to accelerating archaeological exploration, the new technique could provide answers to many questions about the size, capacity, and distribution of the stones, as well as determining whether exploring an ancient structure in a given region can help find other similar or linked structures in neighboring regions.

Other benefits

The benefits of the new deep learning technique used by KAUST are not limited to exploring archaeologic sites, as they can also help achieve the Vision 2030 goals, by preserving and documenting the unique heritage of Saudi Arabia, and promoting tourism. The new technique can be used in other regions with similar soil characteristics and topography. An initiative should be launched to help enhance the benefits of AI in archaeology, so archaeologists and data scientists can exchange their knowledge and achieve promising results.

Archaeology studies the whole activity of our ancestors in a given place and time. These activities include the tools made by humans to meet basic needs, construction, social and economic behaviors, written texts and architecture, and artistic and scientific works.

Archaeology also focuses on studying the origins of human civilizations, using the latest techniques that analyze the tiniest details related to our ancestors. The second half of the 20th century saw the emergence of the “New Archaeology” term, which indicates studying the organization of human communities in their locations, and defining their social structure in order to connect all these findings in a universal system on human behavior.

For many people of a certain age, high school gym class began with reaching for their toes. Then, over the years, we were told it was better to stretch after exercise.

It turns out, both those things can be true, but the differing advice has created some confusion.

Stretching can help make you more flexible, improve range of motion in your joints — and feel good. David Behm, who researches human kinetics at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John’s, Canada, offers this advice on when to stretch and how to do it safely:

Warm up first

It’s almost always good to stretch, but it’s better if you warm up first, said Behm, author of "The Science and Physiology of Flexibility and Stretching." He recommends a light aerobic activity such as jogging, walking or cycling for five or 10 minutes.

Follow that with some static stretching, the traditional way of reaching and holding a position (think back to that gym class). You can then do activity-specific dynamic stretching, in which you warm up the muscles with repetitive movements like leg lifts.

Behm says one minute is "the magic number" for how long to do static stretching per muscle group without fatigue.

Expand your definition of 'stretching'

Should you always stretch before exercising? If it's traditional stretching, not necessarily.

The better question, Behm says, is, "Should people increase their range of motion? Should people have better flexibility? And that is yes, because it helps prevent injuries. It helps with health. But you don’t have to stretch to achieve that."

Resistance training, for instance, can be an effective form of stretching, he said. Doing a chest press increases range of motion in your deltoids and pecs, whether with barbells, dumbbells or machines, so there is no need to stretch beforehand. Just make sure to start with a small amount of weight to warm up and then add more to train.

"You probably don’t have to do extra stretching unless you’re a gymnast, a figure skater, or even a golfer who needs a great range of motion through that swing," Behm said.

Nor do you need to stretch first if you’re going for a leisurely run. Simply start with a slow jog to warm up and then increase the pace.

Don't do it if it hurts

After exercise, "light stretching is OK, as long as you don't reach a point where you're feeling pain," Behm said. Since your muscles will be warm by that point, overdoing it makes you more likely to injure yourself.

Foam rollers can help with muscle recovery and have been shown to increase range of motion as well as stretching.

Do some static stretching before sports

If you’re playing a sport, Behm said, static stretching beforehand helps reduce muscle and tendon injury.

"If you’re going to do an explosive movement, change of direction, agility, sprint, any of these explosive activities that involve your muscles and tendons," he said, "you’re going to be stronger if you do static stretching."

People can especially get in trouble when they go back to a sport they used to play, whether it's tennis, surfing or any sort of team activity.

Also, stretch both sides equally. Lacking flexibility on one side also can lead to injury.

Sounds simple. Why all the confusion? Different studies over the years have either encouraged or discouraged stretching before exercise. Behm says that partly because some studies didn't reflect real-life conditions, or were designed with elite athletes in mind, not regular people.

"If you’re Usain Bolt, it makes a difference," said Behm. Not so much for the rest of us.

Mysterious Stone Secrets in Saudi Arabia Uncovered