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Egypt Promotes New 100-Pound Banknote at COP27

View of a COP27 sign on the road leading to the conference area in Egypt's Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh town, Egypt October 20, 2022. REUTERS/Sayed Sheasha
View of a COP27 sign on the road leading to the conference area in Egypt's Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh town, Egypt October 20, 2022. REUTERS/Sayed Sheasha
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Egypt Promotes New 100-Pound Banknote at COP27

View of a COP27 sign on the road leading to the conference area in Egypt's Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh town, Egypt October 20, 2022. REUTERS/Sayed Sheasha
View of a COP27 sign on the road leading to the conference area in Egypt's Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh town, Egypt October 20, 2022. REUTERS/Sayed Sheasha

Egypt promoted a new 100-pound banknote during the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27). The banknote displays the logo of the COP27 and its name in both English and Arabic on one side, and the form of the 100 pounds on the other.

The banknote was launched by the Egyptian finance ministry, represented by the Public Treasury and Mint Authority, to mark the launching of COP27 in Sharm El Sheikh.

The Public Treasury and Mint Authority is partaking in an exhibition held at the ministry of finance’s pavilion, in the COP27’s Green Zone, to promote the Egyptian heritage, and to ensure taking part in such a high-level event, as an official body responsible for a wide collection of releases including medals, coins, and copper motifs that depict historic events, figures, and occasions.

Egyptian finance minister Mohamed Maait said releasing a 100-pound commemorative banknote highlights the importance of the climate conference.

The Public Treasury and Mint Authority has made all efforts to produce auxiliary coins, and commemorative banknotes that document historic occasions and national projects, he added.

For his part, Hossam Khodr, head of the Public Treasury and Mint Authority, said the authority offers various creative works for Egypt’s visitors from around the world, including the “Tutankhamun Medals Collection” celebrating the 100th anniversary of the discovery of his cemetery, featuring six medals depicting the most known possession of Tutankhamun and old Pharaonic treasures; 11 medals of Muhammad Ali dynasty; the Collection of Historic Cairo, which was released to commemorate the 1050th anniversary of the establishment of historic Cairo, consisting of six medals featuring the capital’s most known landmarks such as Al-Azhar Mosque, the Aqmar Mosque, the Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi’i, the Mosque of Sultan Hasan, and the Muhammad Ali Mosque.

It also displays commemorative coins depicting former presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, both released to celebrate the presidents’ 100th anniversary.

The Egyptian government has given the green light to issue uncirculated commemorative silver coins to celebrate 200 years on deciphering the ancient Egyptian language, and the emergence of Egyptology, as well as 100 years on the discovery of the Tutankhamun cemetery in Luxor Valley.

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Scientists Seek Miracle Pill to Stop Methane Cow Burps

A cow that's part of study on reducing methane emitted by cow burps stands in an exclosure at UC Davis in Davis, California on October 23, 2024. (AFP)
A cow that's part of study on reducing methane emitted by cow burps stands in an exclosure at UC Davis in Davis, California on October 23, 2024. (AFP)
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Scientists Seek Miracle Pill to Stop Methane Cow Burps

A cow that's part of study on reducing methane emitted by cow burps stands in an exclosure at UC Davis in Davis, California on October 23, 2024. (AFP)
A cow that's part of study on reducing methane emitted by cow burps stands in an exclosure at UC Davis in Davis, California on October 23, 2024. (AFP)

A scientist guides a long tube into the mouth and down to the stomach of Thing 1, a two-month-old calf that is part of a research project aiming to prevent cows from burping methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

Paulo de Meo Filho, a postdoctoral researcher at University of California, Davis, is part of an ambitious experiment aiming to develop a pill to transform cow gut bacteria so it emits less or no methane.

While the fossil fuel industry and some natural sources emit methane, cattle farming has become a major climate concern due to the sheer volume of the cows' emissions.

"Almost half of the increase in (global) temperature that we've had so far, it's been because of methane," said Ermias Kebreab, an animal science professor at UC Davis.

Methane, the second largest contributor to climate change after carbon dioxide, breaks down faster than CO2 but is more potent.

"Methane lives in the atmosphere for about 12 years" unlike carbon dioxide which persists for centuries, Kebreab said.

"If you start reducing methane now, we can actually see the effect on the temperature very quickly."

Filho uses the tube to extract liquid from Thing 1's rumen -- the first stomach compartment containing partially digested food.

Using the rumen liquid samples, the scientists are studying the microbes that convert hydrogen into methane, which is not digested by the cow but instead burped out.

A single cow will burp roughly 220 pounds (100 kilograms) of the gas annually.

- 'Social critters' -

Thing 1 and other calves receive a seaweed-supplemented diet to reduce methane production.

Scientists hope to achieve similar results by introducing genetically modified microbes that soak up hydrogen, starving methane-producing bacteria at the source.

However, the team proceeds cautiously.

"We can't just simply cut down methane production by removing" methane-making bacteria, as hydrogen could accumulate to the point of harming the animal, warned Matthias Hess, who runs the UC Davis lab.

"Microbes are kind of social critters. They really like to live together," he said.

"The way they interact and affect each other impacts the overall function of the ecosystem."

Hess's students test different formulas in bioreactors, vessels that reproduce microorganisms' living conditions in a stomach from movements to temperature.

- More productive cows -

The project is being carried out at UC Davis as well as UC Berkeley's Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI).

IGI scientists are trying to identify the right microbe -- the one they hope to genetically alter to supplant methane-producing microbes.

The modified microorganisms will then be tested at UC Davis in the lab and in the animals.

"Not only are we trying to reduce methane emissions, but you also increase the feed efficiency," said Kebreab.

"Hydrogen and methane, they are both energy, and so if you reduce that energy and redirect it to something else... we have a better productivity and lower emissions at the same time."

The ultimate goal is a single-dose treatment administered early in life, since most cattle graze freely and can't receive daily supplements.

The three research teams have been given $70 million and seven years to achieve a breakthrough.

Kebreab has long studied sustainable livestock practices and pushes back against calls to reduce meat consumption to save the planet.

While acknowledging this might work for healthy adults in developed nations, he pointed to countries like Indonesia, where the government is seeking to increase meat and dairy production because 20 percent of children under five suffer from stunted growth.

"We can't tell them to not eat meat," he said.