In the stores and buses of Iraq masks are rare even as Covid-19 spreads widely, vaccines are viewed with suspicion and the sick see hospitals as a last resort.
At Al-Shifaa Hospital in the capital Baghdad, the ramifications are clear, reported AFP.
"More than 95 percent of those sick with Covid-19 in intensive care are unvaccinated," said Ali Abdel Hussein Kazem, assistant director of the facility.
Half of the 40 intensive care beds are occupied in the department, where irregular beeping from monitors and IV machines is constantly heard.
Al-Shifaa hospital has been turned into a Covid treatment center since the start of the pandemic and can treat 175 patients.
Linked to breathing devices, an old man and a young woman share a large room, where a family member is allowed to monitor them -- masked and in a white protective outfit.
Next door, a man in his 60s fidgets, pushing away his blanket. An asthmatic, he is also hooked up to a ventilator.
"He says he is suffocating," an alarmed relative said, summoning a doctor.
Iraq's public health system, already worn down by decades of war, under-investment and corruption, has struggled to cope with the coronavirus.
Since January, Iraq's 40 million people have been confronted with a fourth coronavirus wave but -- unlike other countries -- the government has not imposed any restrictions.
Iraq has recorded more than 2.2 million infections and 24,000 deaths since the pandemic began two years ago, but data released by the authorities indicates that infections are now declining to around 2,000 new cases per day.
Despite 1,400 vaccination centers, officials struggle to overcome skepticism about the jabs, which health experts around the world say are saving lives.
- Help from abroad -
Fewer than 10 million people in Iraq, about a quarter of the population, have been vaccinated, said health ministry spokesman Seif al-Badr.
Among them, not even seven million have received two doses, and those with a booster number less than 100,000.
In neighboring Iran, 66 percent of the 83-million population have received two doses.
"About 90 percent of the sick are older than 60," said Al-Shifaa's intensive care director Mohammed Salih, as he made his morning rounds, checking X-rays and giving instructions.
"Most have chronic conditions: diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney disease," Salih said, accompanied by doctors and nurses from Doctors Without Borders (MSF), a charity which is assisting the hospital.
Along with training that aims to "sustain the care", the MSF program begun in November provides physiotherapy and mental health care, said Daniel Uche, a physician who heads the project.
Countering misinformation is another priority.
"Most of the pregnant women we admitted in our facility are not vaccinated because they are afraid for their precious babies, that maybe if they take the vaccine it will have an effect" on the infant, said Uche.
Salih said he noticed another trend: "Most of the patients come in only after reaching a critical stage."
They prefer to stay at home because of "social media" and "rumors" which minimize the gravity of the coronavirus or which raise suspicions about the vaccines, he added.
Those are the latest challenges for a health system crippled by decades of war and especially an international embargo under the dictator Saddam Hussein, who was toppled in a US-led 2003 invasion.
"People are afraid of hospital because of rumors that say they won't get proper care, and that we won't be interested in looking after them," a nurse said, requesting anonymity.
Two deadly fires at public hospital Covid-19 units last year sparked outrage among the population. One blaze killed more than 80 people in Baghdad in April and three months later another claimed at least 60 lives in Nasiriyah, southern Iraq.
- 'Be careful' -
Authorities acknowledge that challenges abound for a sector dealing with ageing equipment and shortages.
Badr, the ministry spokesman, said the health infrastructure in some provinces "was entirely destroyed" in the war against the ISIS group jihadists from 2014-2017.
The health budget of the oil-rich country does not even receive two percent of state expenditures.
"For previous governments health care was not a priority," said Badr, adding that even though the system is challenged it is ready to help those who are sick with Covid-19.
"We have thousands of beds available for people who would have breathing difficulties. We also have medicine and the necessary equipment, as well as vaccines," he said.
At Al-Shifaa, Farouk Naoum, 75, is leaving hospital after his recovery. He was among the minority of Iraqis vaccinated with two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine but despite the protection it offered, he still got infected.
"You have to be careful, very careful," he said after his 31 days of treatment.
