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Scientists Are Grasping at Straws While Trying to Protect Infant Corals from Fish

This July 26, 2023 image provided by phade® by WinCup, Inc., shows a "Coral Fort," made of biodegradable drinking straws that researchers are using to prevent laboratory-grown coral from becoming really expensive fish food, off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. (Chris Gug/phade® by WinCup, Inc. via AP)
This July 26, 2023 image provided by phade® by WinCup, Inc., shows a "Coral Fort," made of biodegradable drinking straws that researchers are using to prevent laboratory-grown coral from becoming really expensive fish food, off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. (Chris Gug/phade® by WinCup, Inc. via AP)
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Scientists Are Grasping at Straws While Trying to Protect Infant Corals from Fish

This July 26, 2023 image provided by phade® by WinCup, Inc., shows a "Coral Fort," made of biodegradable drinking straws that researchers are using to prevent laboratory-grown coral from becoming really expensive fish food, off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. (Chris Gug/phade® by WinCup, Inc. via AP)
This July 26, 2023 image provided by phade® by WinCup, Inc., shows a "Coral Fort," made of biodegradable drinking straws that researchers are using to prevent laboratory-grown coral from becoming really expensive fish food, off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. (Chris Gug/phade® by WinCup, Inc. via AP)

South Florida researchers trying to prevent predatory fish from devouring laboratory-grown coral are grasping at biodegradable straws in an effort to restore what some call the rainforest of the sea.
Scientists around the world have been working for years to address the decline of coral reef populations. Just last summer, reef rescue groups in South Florida and the Florida Keys were trying to save coral from rising ocean temperatures. Besides working to keep existing coral alive, researchers have also been growing new coral in labs and then placing them in the ocean.
But protecting the underwater ecosystem that maintains upwards of 25% of all marine species is not easy. Even more challenging is making sure that coral grown in a laboratory and placed into the ocean doesn't become expensive fish food.
Marine researcher Kyle Pisano said one problem is that predators like parrot fish attempt to bite and destroy the newly transplanted coral in areas like South Florida, leaving them with less than a 40% survival rate. With projects calling for thousands of coral to be planted over the next year and tens of thousands of coral to be planted over the next decade, the losses add up when coral pieces can cost more than $100 each.
Pisano and his partner, Kirk Dotson, have developed the Coral Fort, claiming the small biodegradable cage that's made in part with drinking straws boosts the survival rate of transplanted coral to over 90%.
"Parrot fish on the reef really, really enjoy biting a newly transplanted coral," Pisano said. “They treat it kind of like popcorn."
Fortunately the fish eventually lose interest in the coral as it matures, but scientists need to protect the coral in the meantime. Stainless steel and PVC pipe barriers have been set up around transplanted coral in the past, but those barriers needed to be cleaned of algae growth and eventually removed.
Pisano had the idea of creating a protective barrier that would eventually dissolve, eliminating the need to maintain or remove it. He began conducting offshore experiments with biodegradable coral cages as part of a master’s degree program at Nova Southeastern University. He used a substance called polyhydroxyalkanoate, a biopolymer derived from the fermentation of canola oil. PHA biodegrades in ocean, leaving only water and carbon dioxide. His findings were published last year.
The coral cage consists of a limestone disc surrounded by eight vertical phade brand drinking straws, made by Atlanta-based WinCup Inc. The device doesn't have a top, Pisano said, because the juvenile coral needs sunlight and the parrot fish don't generally want to position themselves facing downward to eat.
Dotson, a retired aerospace engineer, met Pisano through his professor at Nova Southeastern, and the two formed Reef Fortify Inc. to further develop and market the patent-pending Coral Fort. The first batch of cages were priced at $12 each, but Pisano and Dotson believe that could change as production scales up.
Early prototypes of the cage made from phade's standard drinking straws were able to protect the coral for about two months before dissolving in the ocean, but that wasn't quite long enough to outlast the interest of parrot fish. When Pisano and Dotson reached out to phade for help, the company assured them that it could make virtually any custom shape from its biodegradable PHA material.
“But it’s turning out that the boba straws, straight out of the box, work just fine,” Dotson said.
Boba straws are wider and thicker than normal drinking straws. They're used for a tea-based drink that includes tapioca balls at the bottom of the cup. For Pisano and Dotson, that extra thickness means the straws last just long enough to protect the growing coral before harmlessly disappearing.
Reef Fortify is hoping to work with reef restoration projects all over the world. The Coral Forts already already being used by researchers at Nova Southeastern and the University of Miami, as well as Hawaii's Division of Aquatic Resources.
Rich Karp, a coral researcher at the University of Miami, said they've been using the Coral Forts for about a month. He pointed out that doing any work underwater takes a great deal of time and effort, so having a protective cage that dissolves when it's no longer needed basically cuts their work in half.
"Simply caging corals and then removing the cages later, that’s two times the amount of work, two times the amount of bottom time," Karp said. "And it’s not really scalable.”
Experts say coral reefs are a significant part of the oceanic ecosystem. They occupy less than 1% of the ocean worldwide but provide food and shelter to nearly 25 percent of sea life.

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Varieties

Turkish Border Region Feels Economic Fallout from Iran

Turkiye shares 550km of border with Iran, including 300km in the province of Van alone and traditionally, Van, the capital of the province. (AFP)
Turkiye shares 550km of border with Iran, including 300km in the province of Van alone and traditionally, Van, the capital of the province. (AFP)
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Turkish Border Region Feels Economic Fallout from Iran

Turkiye shares 550km of border with Iran, including 300km in the province of Van alone and traditionally, Van, the capital of the province. (AFP)
Turkiye shares 550km of border with Iran, including 300km in the province of Van alone and traditionally, Van, the capital of the province. (AFP)

As vice-president of the chamber of commerce in the eastern Turkish city of Van, Fevzi Celiktas's job is to boost the local economy. But he has one major problem: his neighbors.

"We have some of the most feared countries in the world right on our doorstep: Iraq, Syria, and Iran," he told AFP.

"This greatly complicates our development."

Celiktas is not indifferent to the fate of Iranians who cross to the Turkish side of the border after the ruthless repression of protests in January.

But the collapse of their economy and currency, which sparked the popular uprising, is being felt acutely in the province.

Türkiye shares a 550-kilometer (342-mile) border with Iran, 300 of which flank Van province, with the main pedestrian border crossing of Kapikoy just a 90-minute drive from the provincial capital, also called Van.

The latest crisis is another blow to the struggling economy in this region of 1.1 million people which lies at the eastern end of Anatolia.

Perched on the eastern shores of Lake Van and surrounded by snow-capped mountains, the city of Van has traditionally offered escape and relaxation for Iranian tourists.

Visitors come to shop, enjoy the local bars or take out boats on Türkiye’s largest lake, which is also the second-largest in the Middle East.

"Iranian tourists are our main clientele," said Emre Deger, head of Van's tourism professionals association, whose own hotel has seen occupancy rates decline year after year.

Even though winter is the low season, a third of its rooms are usually occupied, he explained.

"But currently, all the hotels are empty or at 10 percent of capacity at best," he added.

- 'For the internet' -

For eight to 10 days after the crackdown on Iranian protesters when there was an internet blackout, the flow of visitors "completely dried up", Deger said.

"Those who came were just here for the internet," he added.

Every morning when the Kapikoy crossing opens, a few dozen travelers arrive in the cold, wearily boarding buses or taxis headed for Van.

Apart from a handful of students and the odd few with long-term plans outside of Iran, not many are prepared to speak, quickly scurrying off to discreet hotels where they keep to themselves.

"Most even hesitate to go out to get food," said Deger, who is waiting for March 21 when Iranians mark Nowruz, Persian New Year, to see if the tourists will return.

One Iranian woman in her 30s from the northwestern city of Tabriz said she understood the decline in visitors.

"There's no middle class left in Iran. We're all at the bottom, the very bottom," she said, without giving her name.

"Everyone is poor."

Back in Iran, she used to work in insurance, but now has a job at an elegant café in downtown Van.

"In the whole of January, I saw maybe two Iranians here," she said.

- 'Our money is worthless' -

"Two years ago, when you came to Türkiye with 5 or 10 million rials ($4-$8), you were fine. Now you need at least 40 or 50 million rials. Hotels, food, everything has become more expensive for us.

"Our money is worthless now."

The monthly salary she earned in Iran would barely last three days in Van today, she added.

"Our customers used to fill entire suitcases with clothes (to take home). But it's very quiet now," said Emre Teker in his clothing store.

Celiktas also blamed US and European sanctions for crippling Iran's economy -- and Van's.

"The Van bypass still isn't finished after 18 years of construction," he said. "It's become a joke, sometimes written on the back of trucks: 'May our love be like the Van bypass and never end'."

If a country faces trade restrictions for decades, it inevitably has consequences, he said.

"In a neighborhood, if your neighbor bothers you, you can move. But you can't do that with countries: you can't replace Iran with Germany, Italy, France, or Russia," he said.

"So you have to reach some sort of agreement."

Varieties

Taiwan Zoo's Endangered Horses Set to Gallop into Lunar New Year Spotlight

A Przewalski's horse, also known as the Mongolian wild horse, roams in its enclosure at Taipei Zoo in Taipei, Taiwan February 5, 2026. REUTERS/Tsai Hsin-Han
A Przewalski's horse, also known as the Mongolian wild horse, roams in its enclosure at Taipei Zoo in Taipei, Taiwan February 5, 2026. REUTERS/Tsai Hsin-Han
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Taiwan Zoo's Endangered Horses Set to Gallop into Lunar New Year Spotlight

A Przewalski's horse, also known as the Mongolian wild horse, roams in its enclosure at Taipei Zoo in Taipei, Taiwan February 5, 2026. REUTERS/Tsai Hsin-Han
A Przewalski's horse, also known as the Mongolian wild horse, roams in its enclosure at Taipei Zoo in Taipei, Taiwan February 5, 2026. REUTERS/Tsai Hsin-Han

Taiwan's premier zoo aims to grab the spotlight this Lunar New Year with its efforts to protect an endangered species of horse native to central Asia that was once extinct in the wild.

The festival ushering in the Year of the Horse will draw attention to the zoo's four specimens of Przewalski's horse, named for a Russian geographer who first encountered them in the late 19th century across a narrowed range in western Mongolia.

"Visitors will look at the horses and think ‌that since ‌this is the Year of the Horse, 'I ‌want ⁠to get ‌to know horses,'" said zookeeper Chen Yun-chieh, who has spent five years looking after the animals.

The Year of the Horse in the Chinese zodiac begins on February 17, ushered in with celebrations in Taiwan, China, South Korea and many parts of Southeast Asia.

"The happiest thing is that, when I show up, they come ⁠right over to me," added Chen, 34, who has a close bond with the animals, ‌and held talks this year to ‍better acquaint zoo visitors with ‍them.

Przewalski's horse, usually brown in color, smaller and shorter than ‍its domesticated relative, had disappeared from the wild by the end of the 1960s, but some remained in captivity.

Usually considered too wild to be ridden, they were reintroduced in China, Kazakhstan, and western Mongolia, and now number 850 across the region.

Taipei Zoo has worked with the Czech Republic's Prague Zoo, which tracks ⁠breeding efforts for the species, to aid a global campaign to protect the horse, with moves such as helping to arrange a 2018 release of horses in Mongolia by the Czech zoo, Reuters reported.

Chen is experienced in the care of other endangered species, such as white rhinos and giraffes.

Many visitors may mistake the horses, also known as the Mongolian wild horse, for the steeds that carried 13th-century ruler Genghis Khan on his raids of conquest, he said.

"But actually they were not," added Chen. "So visitors can take ‌this chance to learn that they're a different species."

Varieties

Study: Pandemic Disruptions to Health Care Worsened Cancer Survival

FILE - A radiologist uses a magnifying glass to check mammograms for breast cancer in Los Angeles, May 6, 2010. (AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes, File)
FILE - A radiologist uses a magnifying glass to check mammograms for breast cancer in Los Angeles, May 6, 2010. (AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes, File)
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Study: Pandemic Disruptions to Health Care Worsened Cancer Survival

FILE - A radiologist uses a magnifying glass to check mammograms for breast cancer in Los Angeles, May 6, 2010. (AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes, File)
FILE - A radiologist uses a magnifying glass to check mammograms for breast cancer in Los Angeles, May 6, 2010. (AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes, File)

During the early years of the COVID-19 pandemic, experts worried that disruptions to cancer diagnosis and treatment would cost lives. A new study suggests they were right.

The federally funded study published Thursday by the medical journal JAMA Oncology is being called the first to assess the effects of pandemic-related disruptions on the short-term survival of cancer patients.

Researchers found that people diagnosed with cancer in 2020 and 2021 had worse short-term survival than those diagnosed between 2015 and 2019. That was true across a range of cancers, and whether they were diagnosed at a late or early stage.

Of course, COVID-19 itself was especially dangerous to patients already weakened by cancer, but the researchers worked to filter out deaths mainly attributed to the coronavirus, so they could see if other factors played a role, The Associated Press reported.

The researchers were not able to definitively show what drove worse survival, said Todd Burus of the University of Kentucky, the study’s lead author.

“But disruptions to the health care system were probably a key contributor,” said Burus, who specializes in medical data analysis.

COVID-19 forced many people to postpone cancer screenings — colonoscopies, mammograms and lung scans — as the coronavirus overwhelmed doctors and hospitals, especially in 2020.

Earlier research had shown that overall cancer death rates in the US continued to decline throughout the pandemic, and there weren’t huge shifts in late diagnoses.

Recinda Sherman, a researcher on that earlier paper, applauded the new work.

“As this study is the first to document pandemic-related, cause-specific survival, I think it is important," said Sherman, of the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. “The more we understand about the impact of COVID-19, the better we will be able to prepare for the next one.”

How could overall cancer death rates decline in 2020 and 2021, while short-term survival worsen for newly diagnosed patients?

Cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment measures that for years had been pushing cancer death rates down did not suddenly disappear during the pandemic, Burus noted.

“We didn’t forget how to do those things," he said. “But disruptions could have changed access, could have changed how quickly people were getting treated.”

Further research will show if any impact was lasting, said Hyuna Sung, senior principal scientist and cancer epidemiologist at the American Cancer Society.

“Transient declines in survival that quickly recover may have little impact on long-term mortality trends," she said.

The new study tapped national cancer registry data to focus more specifically on patients who had a first diagnosis of a malignant cancer in 2020 and 2021.

More than 1 million people were diagnosed with cancer in those two years, and about 144,000 died within one year, according to the researchers' data.

The researchers looked at one-year survival rates for those patients, checking for what stage they were at the time of diagnosis.

They calculated that one-year survival was lower for both early- and late-stage diagnoses, for all cancer sites combined. Most worrisome were large differences seen in colorectal, prostate and pancreatic cancers, they said.

Overall, the researchers found that more than 96% of people who got an early-stage cancer diagnosis in 2020 and 2021 — and more than 74% of those with a late-stage diagnosis — survived more than a year. Those rates were slightly lower than would have been expected based on 2015-2019 trends, resulting in about 17,400 more deaths than expected.