African Elephants Call Each Other by Unique Names, New Study Shows

 In this undated photo, an African elephant matriarch leads her calf away from danger in northern Kenya. (George Wittemyer via AP)
In this undated photo, an African elephant matriarch leads her calf away from danger in northern Kenya. (George Wittemyer via AP)
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African Elephants Call Each Other by Unique Names, New Study Shows

 In this undated photo, an African elephant matriarch leads her calf away from danger in northern Kenya. (George Wittemyer via AP)
In this undated photo, an African elephant matriarch leads her calf away from danger in northern Kenya. (George Wittemyer via AP)

African elephants call each other and respond to individual names — something that few wild animals do, according to new research published Monday.

The names are one part of elephants' low rumbles that they can hear over long distances across the savanna. Scientists believe that animals with complex social structures and family groups that separate and then reunite often may be more likely to use individual names.

“If you’re looking after a large family, you’ve got to be able to say, ‘Hey, Virginia, get over here!’” said Duke University ecologist Stuart Pimm, who was not involved in the study.

It’s extremely rare for wild animals to call each other by unique names. Humans have names, of course, and our dogs come when their names are called. Baby dolphins invent their own names, called signature whistles, and parrots may also use names.

Each of these naming species also possesses the ability to learn to pronounce unique new sounds throughout their lives — a rare talent that elephants also possess.

For the study in Nature Ecology & Evolution, biologists used machine learning to detect the use of names in a sound library of savanna elephant vocalizations recorded at Kenya's Samburu National Reserve and Amboseli National Park.

The researchers followed the elephants in jeeps to observe who called out and who appeared to respond — for example, if a mother called to a calf, or a matriarch called to a straggler who later rejoined the family group.

Analyzing only the audio data, the computer model predicted which elephant was being addressed 28% of the time, likely due to the inclusion of its name. When fed meaningless data, the model only accurately labeled 8% of calls.

“Just like humans, elephants use names, but probably don't use names in the majority of utterances, so we wouldn't expect 100%,” said study author and Cornell University biologist Mickey Pardo.

Elephant rumbles include sounds that are below the range of human hearing. The scientists still don't know which part of the vocalization is the name.

Researchers tested their results by playing recordings to individual elephants, who responded more energetically, ears flapping and trunk lifted, to recordings that contained their names. Sometimes elephants entirely ignored vocalizations addressed to others.

“Elephants are incredibly social, always talking and touching each other — this naming is probably one of the things that underpins their ability to communicate to individuals,” said co-author and Colorado State University ecologist George Wittemyer, who is also a scientific adviser for nonprofit Save the Elephants.

“We just cracked open the door a bit to the elephant mind.”



Countries Agree 10% Increase for UN Climate Budget

Simon Stiell, Secretary of UN Climate Change (UNFCCC), speaks during an event with the newly announced COP30 President Ambassador Andre Correa do Lago, in Brasilia, Brazil February 6, 2025. (Reuters)
Simon Stiell, Secretary of UN Climate Change (UNFCCC), speaks during an event with the newly announced COP30 President Ambassador Andre Correa do Lago, in Brasilia, Brazil February 6, 2025. (Reuters)
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Countries Agree 10% Increase for UN Climate Budget

Simon Stiell, Secretary of UN Climate Change (UNFCCC), speaks during an event with the newly announced COP30 President Ambassador Andre Correa do Lago, in Brasilia, Brazil February 6, 2025. (Reuters)
Simon Stiell, Secretary of UN Climate Change (UNFCCC), speaks during an event with the newly announced COP30 President Ambassador Andre Correa do Lago, in Brasilia, Brazil February 6, 2025. (Reuters)

Countries agreed on Thursday to increase the UN climate body's budget by 10% for the next two years, a move the body welcomed as a commitment by governments to work together to address on climate change, with China's contribution rising.

The deal, agreed by nearly 200 countries - from Japan to Saudi Arabia, to small island nations like Fiji - at UN climate negotiations in Bonn, comes despite major funding cuts at other UN agencies, triggered in part by the US slashing its contributions, and political pushback on ambitious climate policies in European countries.

Countries agreed to a core budget of 81.5 million euros for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) over 2026-2027, up 10% from 2024-2025. The core budget is funded by government contributions.

The deal includes an increase in China's contribution, reflecting the country's economic growth. China, the world's second-biggest economy, would cover 20% of the new budget, up from 15% previously.

Only the United States, the world's biggest economy, was allocated a bigger share, of 22%. However, President Donald Trump quit the UN Paris climate agreement and halted international climate funding. Bloomberg Philanthropies has pledged to cover the US contribution to the UNFCCC budget.

The US did not attend the UN climate talks this week in Bonn, Germany where the budget was approved.

UN climate chief Simon Stiell welcomed the increase as "a clear signal that governments continue to see UN-convened climate cooperation as essential, even in difficult times."

The UNFCCC runs annual climate negotiations among countries and helps implement deals that are made, including the 2015 Paris Agreement, which commits nearly all nations to limit global warming.

The body has faced a severe budget shortfall in recent years, as major donors including China and the US had not paid on time, prompting the body to cut costs including by cancelling some events.

The UNFCC's running costs and headcount - its core budget funded 181 staff in 2025 - are smaller than some other UN bodies facing sharp funding cuts, such as the UN trade and development agency's roughly 400 staff.

Meanwhile, the UN Secretariat, the global body's executive arm, is preparing to slash its $3.7 billion budget by 20%, according to an internal memo.