The vast majority of Sudanese people have been plunged into poverty, with 11 million uprooted from their homes and nearly twice as many facing hunger as the war between the army and its paramilitary foes enters its fourth year.
On the third anniversary of the start of the grinding conflict on Wednesday, donors will gather in Berlin for an international conference aimed at reviving faltering peace talks and mobilizing aid for one of the world's worst humanitarian crises.
"People are exhausted," said Amgad Ahmed, 42, who has lived in Omdurman, Khartoum's twin city, throughout the conflict.
"Three years of war have worn people down. We have lost work, savings and any sense of stability," he told AFP.
The meeting in Berlin brings together governments, aid agencies and civil society groups, but excludes both the Sudanese army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) -- the two sides fighting the conflict.
It follows similar conferences hosted by London and Paris over the past two years that failed to produce a diplomatic breakthrough.
The war between Sudan's army and the RSF has killed tens of thousands of people, sparking what German Chancellor Friedrich Merz called "the greatest humanitarian crisis of our time, which is not very often in the public eye".
Nearly 700 civilians have been killed in drone strikes since January, as attacks have escalated on both sides, particularly in the southern Kordofan region and Blue Nile State, according to the United Nations.
A semblance of normality, however, has taken root in the capital Khartoum since the army re-established control there last year.
In parts of the city, reconstruction has begun. Markets have reopened, traffic has returned to streets that were once largely empty, and national secondary school exams were held this week after nearly two years of widespread school closures.
According to the UN, around 1.7 million people have returned to the capital.
But danger still lurks among the soot-stained buildings, with authorities slowly working to clear tens of thousands of unexploded bombs left behind by the fighting.
- 'Heartbreaking' -
Al-Basheer Babker al-Basheer, 41, who visited Khartoum twice this year after three years away, said the city would need years to recover.
"I was happy to come back," he told AFP. "But when I went into the city center, it was heartbreaking."
"The road to the university where I studied is no longer the same. The walls are black," he said. "They are not the same places we used to go to."
Quad-led talks stalled after army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan accused the group in November of bias over Abu Dhabi's membership.
German Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Kathrin Deschauer said the Berlin conference would discuss how to "exert influence on the key actors".
"There are many external actors involved in this war," said Luca Renda, the UN Development Program's representative in Sudan.
"And as long as this continues, unfortunately, the chances of peace are very slim."
Beyond widespread infrastructure destruction, the war has pushed Sudan deeper into hunger and poverty, with humanitarian funding at just 16 percent of what is needed, Renda said.
Famine was declared last year in North Darfur capital el-Fashir and Kadugli, the capital of South Kordofan, with 20 additional areas at risk, the UN said.
African Union Commission Chairman Mahamoud Ali Youssouf, in Berlin for the meeting, voiced hope for a cessation of hostilities but acknowledged "we are not there yet".
"When the whole world is focusing on Iran and Ukraine and other crises, I think it is very much appreciated that Germany puts this agenda on the table so that we do not lose sight about the suffering of the people of the Sudan."
