Egypt Deepens Presence in Horn of Africa amid Tensions with Ethiopia

Egypt and Eritrea focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region. (Egypt Foreign Ministry’s Facebook page)
Egypt and Eritrea focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region. (Egypt Foreign Ministry’s Facebook page)
TT

Egypt Deepens Presence in Horn of Africa amid Tensions with Ethiopia

Egypt and Eritrea focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region. (Egypt Foreign Ministry’s Facebook page)
Egypt and Eritrea focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region. (Egypt Foreign Ministry’s Facebook page)

Egypt’s General Intelligence Chief Major General Abbas Kamel and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Migration Dr. Badr Abdelatty visited the Eritrean capital, Asmara, on Saturday as part of Cairo’s efforts to expand its influence in the Horn of Africa and address regional crises amid growing tensions with Ethiopia.

Experts speaking to Asharq Al-Awsat described the move as a “strategic step with significant political and security implications.”

During their visit, the Egyptian officials met with Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and conveyed a message from President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi that focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region, according to an official statement from Egypt’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Egypt and Eritrea agreed on the “need to intensify efforts and continue consultations to achieve stability in Sudan, support national state institutions, and preserve Somalia’s unity and sovereignty,” the ministry said.

Afwerki, for his part, shared his perspective on developments in the Red Sea, stressing the importance of restoring normal maritime navigation and facilitating international trade through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.

He also addressed regional challenges and security concerns in the Horn of Africa, calling for boosting cooperation to promote stability.

The visit comes amid escalating tensions between Egypt and Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia on the other. Earlier this year, Ethiopia signed an agreement with Somaliland, a self-declared independent region, allowing it to use Somaliland’s Red Sea coastline for commercial and military purposes. The deal, strongly opposed by Somalia, has added to the tensions. In response, Cairo signed a joint defense agreement with Mogadishu.

Tensions rose further in late August when Somalia announced the arrival of Egyptian military equipment and delegations in Mogadishu as part of Egypt’s participation in peacekeeping operations. Ethiopia, opposed the move, warning that it “would not stand by idly.”

Ambassador Salah Halima, Deputy Chairman of the Egyptian Council for African Affairs, emphasized the security and political significance of the visit to Eritrea, noting that it aimed to strengthen Egypt’s presence in the Horn of Africa and coordinate efforts with Asmara to achieve security and stability in the region.

He highlighted the importance of addressing the ongoing Red Sea navigation crisis, the situation in Sudan, and the growing tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia.

According to Halima, the security and political coordination between Cairo and Asmara is primarily aimed at countering Ethiopia’s recent actions, which are seen as a threat to the stability of the Horn of Africa. He specifically underlined Ethiopia’s agreement with Somaliland, which has been rejected by Egypt and the broader Arab world.

Dr. Amani El-Tawil, Director of the African Program at the Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, agreed, stating that Egypt’s outreach to Eritrea is a natural response to Ethiopia’s policies, which undermine Somalia’s sovereignty and pose a broader security threat to the Horn of Africa.

She emphasized that the visit is crucial for strengthening Egypt’s presence in the region and coordinating responses to Ethiopia’s confrontational approach.

El-Tawil also underscored the strategic importance of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait for Egypt’s national security, noting its significant impact on the country’s economy and maritime traffic in the Red Sea.

Tensions in the Red Sea have also escalated in recent months, particularly after Yemen’s Iran-backed Houthi militias targeted ships passing through the maritime corridor in response to Israel’s military operations in Gaza. These attacks prompted global shipping companies to reroute their vessels away from the Red Sea, affecting global trade and leading to a decline in Egypt’s Suez Canal revenues.

In August, Sisi met with Eritrean Foreign Minister Osman Saleh to discuss regional security, with a focus on the challenges facing the Horn of Africa and the Red Sea. Both leaders reaffirmed their commitment to ongoing cooperation and consultations at all levels to support peace and stability in the region, according to an official statement from the Egyptian presidency.



Iran Two Years after Mahsa Amini: Persecution and Defiance

A protester holds pictures of Kurdish Iranian woman Mahsa Amini during a demonstration in solidarity with Iranian women and protestors in Piazza del Campidoglio in Rome on October 5, 2022, following her death in the custody of morality police in Iran. (AFP)
A protester holds pictures of Kurdish Iranian woman Mahsa Amini during a demonstration in solidarity with Iranian women and protestors in Piazza del Campidoglio in Rome on October 5, 2022, following her death in the custody of morality police in Iran. (AFP)
TT

Iran Two Years after Mahsa Amini: Persecution and Defiance

A protester holds pictures of Kurdish Iranian woman Mahsa Amini during a demonstration in solidarity with Iranian women and protestors in Piazza del Campidoglio in Rome on October 5, 2022, following her death in the custody of morality police in Iran. (AFP)
A protester holds pictures of Kurdish Iranian woman Mahsa Amini during a demonstration in solidarity with Iranian women and protestors in Piazza del Campidoglio in Rome on October 5, 2022, following her death in the custody of morality police in Iran. (AFP)

Persecution of bereaved relatives. Impunity for perpetrators. Rampant executions and infighting among the opposition.

A bleak picture confronts opponents of Iran's clerical authorities two years after a protest movement erupted that they hoped would be a turning point in the four-and-a-half-decade history of the republic.

Activists and exiles still hope that the protests sparked by the September 16, 2022 death in custody of Mahsa Amini -- an Iranian Kurd arrested for allegedly violating the dress code for women -- left an indelible mark on Iran and that her tragic death aged 22 was not in vain.

The women-led protests that broke out after Amini's death, challenging not only the rule of the obligatory headscarf that has been a key pillar of the regime but also the very existence of the clerical-based system, rattled Iran's leadership over autumn and winter 2022-2023.

But they were crushed and defeated in a crackdown Amnesty International said saw security forces use assault rifles and shotguns against protesters.

Human rights groups say at least 551 people were killed. Thousands more were arrested, according to the United Nations.

Iran has executed 10 men in cases related to the protests, the latest being Gholamreza Rasaei who was hanged in August after being convicted of killing a Revolutionary Guard.

Activists said his confession was obtained under torture.

"Countless people in Iran are still reeling from the consequences of the authorities' brutal crackdown," said Amnesty's deputy regional director for the Middle East and North Africa, Diana Eltahawy.

- 'Brutalizing twice over' -

According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), family members of dozens of people killed, executed or imprisoned during the protests have been arrested on trumped up charges, threatened or harassed.

"Iranian authorities are brutalizing people twice over: executing or killing a family member and then arresting their loved ones for demanding accountability," said HRW's acting Iran researcher, Nahid Naghshbandi.

Among those jailed is Mashallah Karami, father of Mohammad Mehdi Karami who was executed in January 2023 aged just 22 in a case related to the protests.

Mashallah Karami, who had campaigned for his son's memory, was sentenced to six years in jail in May and then in August to another term of almost nine years.

Meanwhile, the authorities are enforcing the wearing of the headscarf with a vengeance. Its abolition was a key demand of the protesters, and the authorities had initially given grounds for hope of a more lenient policy.

Security forces are implementing the so-called "Nour" ("Light") plan to enforce the rule, with a "visible increase of security patrols on foot, motorbikes, car and police vans in public spaces", according to Amnesty.

Women in Iran have long regarded their vehicles as a safe space, but they have been increasingly targeted there, often with facial recognition technology, rights groups say. Cars can be impounded as punishment.

UN experts said Iran has "intensified" the repression of women, also resorting to "beating, kicking, and slapping women and girls".

Amnesty has highlighted the case of 31-year-old Arezou Badri, who it says was left paralyzed after police shot her in her car in northern Iran in July, in an incident related to the dress code.

Even though a UN fact-finding mission in March found that many of the violations in the crackdown amount to crimes against humanity, not one official has been brought to account.

- 'Not going back' -

Yet observers outside Iran insist that while the crackdown has allowed the clerical authorities under supreme leader Ali Khamenei to restore order, Iranian society has changed forever.

"Many young women remain defiant," said a co-founder of the US-based Abdorrahman Boroumand Center for Human Rights in Iran, Roya Boroumand.

"Two years after the protests, the republic's leadership has neither restored the status quo ante nor regained its lost legitimacy."

Rights groups said August's execution of Gholamreza Rasaei showed no let-up in Iran's use of the death penalty under new President Masoud Pezeshkian, who was elected in July after predecessor Ebrahim Raisi died in a helicopter crash.

The Amini protests have exposed deep divisions within the opposition, with no unified group emerging to champion the protesters' demands.

Abroad, attempts at finding harmony between disparate groups of monarchists, nationalists and liberals have collapsed amid acrimony.

The protest movement "shook the Iranian regime to the core and further affirmed just how deeply disillusioned Iranians have been with the status quo", said Arash Azizi, visiting fellow at Boston University and author of a book titled "What Iranians Want".

"But the movement also showed the absolute bankruptcy of the opposition alternatives to the regime."

He added: "I still believe Iran is not going back to pre-2022 and, within the next few years, the Islamic Republic will likely see some fundamental shifts."