Egypt Deepens Presence in Horn of Africa amid Tensions with Ethiopia

Egypt and Eritrea focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region. (Egypt Foreign Ministry’s Facebook page)
Egypt and Eritrea focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region. (Egypt Foreign Ministry’s Facebook page)
TT
20

Egypt Deepens Presence in Horn of Africa amid Tensions with Ethiopia

Egypt and Eritrea focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region. (Egypt Foreign Ministry’s Facebook page)
Egypt and Eritrea focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region. (Egypt Foreign Ministry’s Facebook page)

Egypt’s General Intelligence Chief Major General Abbas Kamel and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Migration Dr. Badr Abdelatty visited the Eritrean capital, Asmara, on Saturday as part of Cairo’s efforts to expand its influence in the Horn of Africa and address regional crises amid growing tensions with Ethiopia.

Experts speaking to Asharq Al-Awsat described the move as a “strategic step with significant political and security implications.”

During their visit, the Egyptian officials met with Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and conveyed a message from President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi that focused on strengthening bilateral relations across various fields and assessing political and security developments in the region, according to an official statement from Egypt’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Egypt and Eritrea agreed on the “need to intensify efforts and continue consultations to achieve stability in Sudan, support national state institutions, and preserve Somalia’s unity and sovereignty,” the ministry said.

Afwerki, for his part, shared his perspective on developments in the Red Sea, stressing the importance of restoring normal maritime navigation and facilitating international trade through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.

He also addressed regional challenges and security concerns in the Horn of Africa, calling for boosting cooperation to promote stability.

The visit comes amid escalating tensions between Egypt and Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia on the other. Earlier this year, Ethiopia signed an agreement with Somaliland, a self-declared independent region, allowing it to use Somaliland’s Red Sea coastline for commercial and military purposes. The deal, strongly opposed by Somalia, has added to the tensions. In response, Cairo signed a joint defense agreement with Mogadishu.

Tensions rose further in late August when Somalia announced the arrival of Egyptian military equipment and delegations in Mogadishu as part of Egypt’s participation in peacekeeping operations. Ethiopia, opposed the move, warning that it “would not stand by idly.”

Ambassador Salah Halima, Deputy Chairman of the Egyptian Council for African Affairs, emphasized the security and political significance of the visit to Eritrea, noting that it aimed to strengthen Egypt’s presence in the Horn of Africa and coordinate efforts with Asmara to achieve security and stability in the region.

He highlighted the importance of addressing the ongoing Red Sea navigation crisis, the situation in Sudan, and the growing tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia.

According to Halima, the security and political coordination between Cairo and Asmara is primarily aimed at countering Ethiopia’s recent actions, which are seen as a threat to the stability of the Horn of Africa. He specifically underlined Ethiopia’s agreement with Somaliland, which has been rejected by Egypt and the broader Arab world.

Dr. Amani El-Tawil, Director of the African Program at the Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, agreed, stating that Egypt’s outreach to Eritrea is a natural response to Ethiopia’s policies, which undermine Somalia’s sovereignty and pose a broader security threat to the Horn of Africa.

She emphasized that the visit is crucial for strengthening Egypt’s presence in the region and coordinating responses to Ethiopia’s confrontational approach.

El-Tawil also underscored the strategic importance of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait for Egypt’s national security, noting its significant impact on the country’s economy and maritime traffic in the Red Sea.

Tensions in the Red Sea have also escalated in recent months, particularly after Yemen’s Iran-backed Houthi militias targeted ships passing through the maritime corridor in response to Israel’s military operations in Gaza. These attacks prompted global shipping companies to reroute their vessels away from the Red Sea, affecting global trade and leading to a decline in Egypt’s Suez Canal revenues.

In August, Sisi met with Eritrean Foreign Minister Osman Saleh to discuss regional security, with a focus on the challenges facing the Horn of Africa and the Red Sea. Both leaders reaffirmed their commitment to ongoing cooperation and consultations at all levels to support peace and stability in the region, according to an official statement from the Egyptian presidency.



What Makes Greenland a Strategic Prize at a Time of Rising Tensions? And Why Now? 

A person walks on a snow covered road, ahead of the March 11 general election, in Nuuk, Greenland, March 9, 2025. (Ritzau Scanpix/Mads Claus Rasmussen via Reuters) 
A person walks on a snow covered road, ahead of the March 11 general election, in Nuuk, Greenland, March 9, 2025. (Ritzau Scanpix/Mads Claus Rasmussen via Reuters) 
TT
20

What Makes Greenland a Strategic Prize at a Time of Rising Tensions? And Why Now? 

A person walks on a snow covered road, ahead of the March 11 general election, in Nuuk, Greenland, March 9, 2025. (Ritzau Scanpix/Mads Claus Rasmussen via Reuters) 
A person walks on a snow covered road, ahead of the March 11 general election, in Nuuk, Greenland, March 9, 2025. (Ritzau Scanpix/Mads Claus Rasmussen via Reuters) 

When US President Donald Trump first suggested buying Greenland in 2019, people thought it was just a joke. No one is laughing now.

Trump’s interest in Greenland, restated vigorously soon after he returned to the White House in January, comes as part of an aggressively “America First” foreign policy platform that includes demands for Ukraine to hand over mineral rights in exchange for continued military aid, threats to take control of the Panama Canal, and suggestions that Canada should become the 51st US state.

Why Greenland? Increasing international tensions, global warming and the changing world economy have put Greenland at the heart of the debate over global trade and security, and Trump wants to make sure that the US controls this mineral-rich country that guards the Arctic and North Atlantic approaches to North America.

Who does Greenland belong to? Greenland is a self-governing territory of Denmark, a long-time US ally that has rejected Trump’s overtures. Denmark has also recognized Greenland’s right to independence at a time of its choosing.

Amid concerns about foreign interference and demands that Greenlanders must control their own destiny, the island’s prime minister called an early parliamentary election for Tuesday.

The world’s largest island, 80% of which lies above the Arctic Circle, is home to about 56,000 mostly Inuit people who until now have been largely ignored by the rest of the world.

Why are other countries interested in Greenland? Climate change is thinning the Arctic ice, promising to create a northwest passage for international trade and reigniting the competition with Russia, China and other countries over access to the region’s mineral resources.

“Let us be clear: we are soon entering the Arctic Century, and its most defining feature will be Greenland’s meteoric rise, sustained prominence and ubiquitous influence,” said Dwayne Menezes, managing director of the Polar Research and Policy Initiative.

“Greenland — located on the crossroads between North America, Europe and Asia, and with enormous resource potential — will only become more strategically important, with all powers great and small seeking to pay court to it. One is quite keen to go a step further and buy it.”

The following are some of the factors that are driving US interest in Greenland.

Arctic competition

Following the Cold War, the Arctic was largely an area of international cooperation. But climate change, the hunt for scarce resources and increasing international tensions following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine are once again driving competition in the region.

Strategic importance

Greenland sits off the northeastern coast of Canada, with more than two-thirds of its territory lying within the Arctic Circle. That has made it crucial to the defense of North America since World War II, when the US occupied Greenland to ensure that it didn’t fall into the hands of Nazi Germany and to protect crucial North Atlantic shipping lanes.

The US has retained bases in Greenland since the war, and the Pituffik Space Base, formerly Thule Air Force Base, supports missile warning, missile defense and space surveillance operations for the US and NATO. Greenland also guards part of what is known as the GIUK (Greenland, Iceland, United Kingdom) Gap, where NATO monitors Russian naval movements in the North Atlantic.

Natural resources

Greenland has large deposits of so-called rare earth minerals that are needed to make everything from computers and smartphones to the batteries, solar and wind technologies that will power the transition away from fossil fuels. The US Geological Survey has also identified potential offshore deposits of oil and natural gas.

Greenlanders are keen to develop the resources, but they have enacted strict rules to protect the environment. There are also questions about the feasibility of extracting Greenland’s mineral wealth because of the region’s harsh climate.

Climate change

Greenland’s retreating ice cap is exposing the country’s mineral wealth and melting sea ice is opening up the once-mythical Northwest Passage through the Arctic.

Greenland sits strategically along two potential routes through the Arctic, which would reduce shipping times between the North Atlantic and Pacific and bypass the bottlenecks of the Suez and Panama canals. While the routes aren’t likely to be commercially viable for many years, they are attracting attention.

Chinese interest

In 2018, China declared itself a “near-Arctic state” in an effort to gain more influence in the region. China has also announced plans to build a “Polar Silk Road” as part of its global Belt and Road Initiative, which has created economic links with countries around the world.

Then-US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo rejected China’s move, saying: “Do we want the Arctic Ocean to transform into a new South China Sea, fraught with militarization and competing territorial claims?” A Chinese-backed rare earth mining project in Greenland stalled after the local government banned uranium mining in 2021.

Independence

The legislation that extended self-government to Greenland in 2009 also recognized the country’s right to independence under international law. Opinion polls show a majority of Greenlanders favor independence, though they differ on exactly when that should occur. The potential for independence raises questions about outside interference in Greenland that could threaten US interests in the country.