Riyadh’s Red Palace

The Red Palace front view, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The Red Palace front view, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Riyadh’s Red Palace

The Red Palace front view, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The Red Palace front view, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Showcasing iconic architecture and storing slices of history, the Red Palace museum in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is considered a national landmark.

From March 13 to April 20, for two days a week, the palace is slated to display to visitors a number of possessions belonging to Saudi kings.

With King Abdulaziz, founder of Saudi Arabia, ordering the palace’s renovation in 1942 by his son, King Saud of Saudi Arabia, the building is nearly 80 years old today.

Soon after, the Red Palace’s doors were open to visitors, offering on display some of the Kingdom’s most treasured historical and archaeological artifacts. Beyond keeping log of national events and preserving relics, the building itself is Riyadh’s first-ever cement-built structure.

Until 1988, the Red Palace served as the headquarters of the Saudi Council of Ministers. The 16-wing architectural masterpiece is named after its apparent color.

Within its corridors, historic decisions were made, such as severing ties with France and Britain in 1956, stopping oil exports, and other stances that had global impact.

It also hosted several kings and heads of state and government, notably Gamal Abdel Nasser, Shukri al-Quwatli, Anwar Sadat, Jawaharlal Nehru and others.

Abdulla Al-Yami, author of “The Red Palace", says that the palace has electrical elevators and staircases that connect its floors which feature exceptional interior design and unique skeletal engravings.

The structure is also dotted with balconies that overlook breathtaking greenspaces.

In terms of design, Yami said the Red Palace is a genius work of architecture in terms of space distribution, unique design and meticulous execution. Its wings include sophisticated technologies and ceiling fans, as well as a rare skylight scheme.



Scientists Seek Miracle Pill to Stop Methane Cow Burps

A cow that's part of study on reducing methane emitted by cow burps stands in an exclosure at UC Davis in Davis, California on October 23, 2024. (AFP)
A cow that's part of study on reducing methane emitted by cow burps stands in an exclosure at UC Davis in Davis, California on October 23, 2024. (AFP)
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Scientists Seek Miracle Pill to Stop Methane Cow Burps

A cow that's part of study on reducing methane emitted by cow burps stands in an exclosure at UC Davis in Davis, California on October 23, 2024. (AFP)
A cow that's part of study on reducing methane emitted by cow burps stands in an exclosure at UC Davis in Davis, California on October 23, 2024. (AFP)

A scientist guides a long tube into the mouth and down to the stomach of Thing 1, a two-month-old calf that is part of a research project aiming to prevent cows from burping methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

Paulo de Meo Filho, a postdoctoral researcher at University of California, Davis, is part of an ambitious experiment aiming to develop a pill to transform cow gut bacteria so it emits less or no methane.

While the fossil fuel industry and some natural sources emit methane, cattle farming has become a major climate concern due to the sheer volume of the cows' emissions.

"Almost half of the increase in (global) temperature that we've had so far, it's been because of methane," said Ermias Kebreab, an animal science professor at UC Davis.

Methane, the second largest contributor to climate change after carbon dioxide, breaks down faster than CO2 but is more potent.

"Methane lives in the atmosphere for about 12 years" unlike carbon dioxide which persists for centuries, Kebreab said.

"If you start reducing methane now, we can actually see the effect on the temperature very quickly."

Filho uses the tube to extract liquid from Thing 1's rumen -- the first stomach compartment containing partially digested food.

Using the rumen liquid samples, the scientists are studying the microbes that convert hydrogen into methane, which is not digested by the cow but instead burped out.

A single cow will burp roughly 220 pounds (100 kilograms) of the gas annually.

- 'Social critters' -

Thing 1 and other calves receive a seaweed-supplemented diet to reduce methane production.

Scientists hope to achieve similar results by introducing genetically modified microbes that soak up hydrogen, starving methane-producing bacteria at the source.

However, the team proceeds cautiously.

"We can't just simply cut down methane production by removing" methane-making bacteria, as hydrogen could accumulate to the point of harming the animal, warned Matthias Hess, who runs the UC Davis lab.

"Microbes are kind of social critters. They really like to live together," he said.

"The way they interact and affect each other impacts the overall function of the ecosystem."

Hess's students test different formulas in bioreactors, vessels that reproduce microorganisms' living conditions in a stomach from movements to temperature.

- More productive cows -

The project is being carried out at UC Davis as well as UC Berkeley's Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI).

IGI scientists are trying to identify the right microbe -- the one they hope to genetically alter to supplant methane-producing microbes.

The modified microorganisms will then be tested at UC Davis in the lab and in the animals.

"Not only are we trying to reduce methane emissions, but you also increase the feed efficiency," said Kebreab.

"Hydrogen and methane, they are both energy, and so if you reduce that energy and redirect it to something else... we have a better productivity and lower emissions at the same time."

The ultimate goal is a single-dose treatment administered early in life, since most cattle graze freely and can't receive daily supplements.

The three research teams have been given $70 million and seven years to achieve a breakthrough.

Kebreab has long studied sustainable livestock practices and pushes back against calls to reduce meat consumption to save the planet.

While acknowledging this might work for healthy adults in developed nations, he pointed to countries like Indonesia, where the government is seeking to increase meat and dairy production because 20 percent of children under five suffer from stunted growth.

"We can't tell them to not eat meat," he said.