British Team Reveals Secrets of Egyptian Mummy After 2,600 Yearshttps://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2106976/british-team-reveals-secrets-egyptian-mummy-after-2600-years
British Team Reveals Secrets of Egyptian Mummy After 2,600 Years
AAAWSAT AR
A joint team of Egyptologists from Manchester University and Queen University revealed a host of secrets of a mummy after 2,600 years of its death.
The mummy, named Takabouti, was brought to the Ulster Museum in Northern Ireland in 1834 after a wealthy artifact dealer, an Irishman called Thomas Greg, had purchased it and taken it to Belfast, where the trade of Egyptian mummies was legal and widespread. In 1835, the Egyptologist Edwards Hincks decrypted the Hydrographic script that had been inscribed on it.
Hincks found out that her name was Takabouti and that it had been in her twenties, married and living in Luxor when she died and that her father had been a priest at a house of worship dedicated to Amon, the god of the sun.
On the 185th anniversary of the decryption of the script that was inscribed on those mummies, on January 27th, a team of Egyptologists from Manchester University and the Ulster Museum revealed some of the secrets hidden in the mummies’ 2600-year-old corpse.
Takabouti was subjected to X-ray examination, computerized tomography, hair analysis as well as radiocarbon dating, which showed that she died in 660 BC, at the end of the 25th family’s reign.
The most advanced tests, DNA tests, and CT scans yielded surprising results. According to the statement released by the University of Manchester, she had curly hair and it was revealed that her DNA resembles that of contemporary Europeans more than that of Egyptians.
In a statement, the geneticist, Constantina Dorso said: “The genetic footprint of Takabouti is relatively rare as it has not been found - as far as I know - in any ancient Egyptian society, nor is this result consistent with previous studies on whether the ancient Egyptians are more genetically similar to contemporary Europeans than Arabs".
Other surprises are also mentioned in the statement. The CT scan showed that her heart was well preserved and in good condition and that she died violently, with stab marks apparent on her upper back, next to her left shoulder and that she had been a year older than previously estimated (33 rather than 32)
Dr. Ellen Murphy, a bioarchaeological researcher at the Faculty of Natural Environment at Queen University said: “We often assumed that mummies lived peacefully in their nests, but we now know that her final moments were not well and that she died at the hands of another."
According to the Egyptologist Issam El-Shamaa, the discovery that Pharaohs had been murdered is unsurprising. In a statement to Asharq Al-Awsat, he says: “the most famous murder case of pharaohs is that which was discovered from the mummy of Ramsis, who was murdered as a result of a conspiracy plotted against him, known as the Harem Conspiracy. Tutankhamen’s death, whether or not she was murdered, remains controversial."
Shamaa doubts the research teams’ claims that the mummy is of European origins, “her hair and the time period to which she belonged, towards the end of the reign of the 25th family, indicate she had features of the Nubian Family or what is known as the Koushia Family that ruled the Nubian Kingdom which was in power in Egypt for a period."
He also found it strange that they were surprised at finding a heart in the corpse. The presence of the heart is part of the essence of mummification because the ancient Egyptians believe that it was this organism, not the brain, that gave humans wisdom and memory.
Saudi Arabia launched its Vision 2030 in 2016. (AP)
TT
TT
Arab Gulf in 25 Years: Prosperity in a Region on Fire
Saudi Arabia launched its Vision 2030 in 2016. (AP)
Dr. Ibrahim Al-Othaimin*
I like to refer to Henry Kissinger in summing up the reality experienced in the region over the past quarter century. In his book, “World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History”, the former US secretary of state said “the Middle East is caught in a confrontation akin to—but broader than—Europe’s pre-Westphalian wars of religion. Domestic and international conflicts reinforce each other. Political, sectarian, tribal, territorial, ideological, and traditional national-interest disputes merge.”
The wars, he added, were caused by the collapse of the state and their transformation into fertile ground for terrorism and weapons smuggling. The collapse will subsequently lead to the breakup of the regional and world orders.
The Arab region witnessed unprecedented developments in the past 25 years that have altered its features and impacted the structure of its regional order. The Arab Gulf countries were at the heart of these developments. Despite the regional and international threats, they managed to maintain their internal stability and consolidate their pivotal role in achieving regional balance, underscoring their position as the cornerstone of security and stability in the region.
The September 11, 2001, attacks changed the shape of the world. (Reuters file)
First wars of the 21st Century
The September 11, 2001, attacks marked the beginning of the first wars of the 21st Century that would go on to change global security equations. They would also lead to massive pressure on the region by the terrorist al-Qaeda organization. The developments were a real turning point in global counter-terrorism efforts.
Saudi Arabia and the Gulf were victims of a series of terrorist attacks in the past decades that targeted their security and stability. The worst of the attacks targeted a refinery in the city of Yanbu. It was carried out by Mustafa al-Ansari, an al-Qaeda member who had taken part in fighting in Afghanistan and Somalia. Another attack targeted Halliburton offices in the city of Khobar.
The Gulf countries responded to these challenges by taking firm counter-terrorism measures and launching efforts to dry their sources of funding. In 2002, the Gulf Cooperation Council countries approved a joint security strategy to combat terrorism.
In 2004, Gulf countries signed a counter-terrorism agreement during a meeting of interior ministers in Kuwait. The agreements established a legal framework for GCC efforts to bolster coordination between their members. In 2006, they set up a permanent security committee tasked with combating terror. The committee meets regularly to address terrorism-related issues and to bolster joint security cooperation.
The 2003 US invasion of Iraq was one the landmark moments in the war on terror. It forever changed the shape of the region, paving the way for a new chapter of unrest. The toppling of Saddam Hussein’s regime led to security vacuum that gave way for sectarian divisions and increased Iran’s influence, creating instability in the region.
Even though the Gulf countries opposed the invasion and stressed the need to respect international laws, they found themselves having to confront its fallout. On the political level, they expressed their concern over Iran’s growing influences and intensified their efforts to back Iraq’s unity, stability, sovereignty and independence. They supported the political process that was led by the UN, including holding legislative elections and the ratification of a new constitution.
On the security level, the Gulf countries sought to bolster their defense capabilities, intensify intelligence cooperation and boost security partnerships with the US to counter Iran's influence.
A US soldier covers a Saddam Hussein statue with an American flag in Baghdad on April 5, 2003. (AFP)
Major collapses
The region was soon swept by the 2011 so-called “Arab Spring” protests. The Gulf was again put to the test of maintaining its internal security and stability amid the major collapses of regimes and rulers across the region, starting with Tunisia, then Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen.
These developments led to the collapse of political systems and the fragmentation of the countries’ social and political structures. Chaos reigned, leading to unrest and protests, which were fertile ground for the emergence of terrorist groups and foreign meddling that seek their interests at the expense of regional stability.
The Gulf countries feared that these changes would lead to the spread of so-called political Islamist ideology in the Arab world. They approached the “Arab Spring” from a deep strategic view and with total awareness of the challenges at hand. This allowed them to take calculated steps that preserved their internal stability and regional roles. The countries also worked on consolidating internal unity and listened to the demands of the people to ensure that stability is maintained.
On the regional level, the Gulf contained the impact of the crises through supporting allied countries that were affected by the unrest. They also intervened directly in some countries, such as Yemen and Bahrain, to preserve stability and avert the spread of chaos.
After more than a decade since the “Arab Spring” developments, their impact is still very much felt to this day in several countries in the region. Throughout, the Gulf countries managed to maintain their stability and present themselves as a regional force that can help in confronting chaos and unrest.
The crises in Gaza and Lebanon have topped the concerns of Gulf countries. (SPA)
COVID-19
No sooner had the region caught its breath after the unrest than it was confronted by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The world was faced with an unprecedented threat that helped reshape health and economic priorities and left a lasting impact on various levels.
The Gulf countries, especially Saudi Arabia, handled the crisis with extraordinary skill. From the very first moment the virus emerged, the Kingdom took firm measures and offered healthcare to everyone without exception. It provided free treatment, expanded its healthcare sector and rapidly launched vaccination campaigns that were commended by international organizations.
Despite the pandemic’s impact on the global economy and oil prices, the Gulf countries’ preemptive long-term plans and strategies, which called for easing reliance on oil, such as Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, allowed them to weather the storm. The Gulf countries showed vigilant leadership and an exceptional ability to adapt during the pandemic, allowing them to protect their people and preserve their economic and social stability.
Prosperity amid regional tumult
The region is now confronted with a new wave of escalation, especially amid the war on Gaza and the possibility that the conflict may spread in the Middle East. It also has to contend with the fallout of the collapse of Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria.
Amid these changes, the Gulf countries have again proven their ability to adapt by presenting effective diplomatic initiatives and deepening international coordination with the aim of consolidating stability in the region.
The Palestinian-Israeli conflict and the war on Gaza remain a top priority. The Gulf countries have repeatedly called for ending the conflict. They have backed international and regional efforts to reach a peaceful resolution based on the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative and implementing the two-state solution.
In Lebanon, as tensions rise with Hezbollah, the Gulf countries have continued to support efforts that would bolster Lebanon’s sovereignty and stability through international coordination aimed at the implementation of UN Security Council resolution 1701.
The Gulf region is also preparing to deal with post-Assad Syria, hoping to help in the country’s reconstruction to establish it as a stable state that shuns Iranian meddling. The goal demands critical coordination with regional and international partners to ensure that stability is restored to Damascus and the entire region.
*Dr. Al-Othaimin is a researcher in foreign relations.
