Turkish state banks have doubled their short foreign currency positions in six weeks to $8.3 billion to help defend the lira, their largest direct intervention for years, according to four banking sources and industry data.
The combined short positions of the state banks, shown in data from financial sector regulator BDDK, adds to more than $90 billion of central bank intervention since last year by bankers' estimates for a total of about $100 billion used to support the Turkish currency.
The lira has faced downward pressure from falling interest rates over the last year to support economic growth - vital to President Tayyip Erdogan's long political dominance - and limit fallout from the coronavirus crisis.
State lenders have frequently sold dollars borrowed from the central bank to stabilize the currency but, barring brief interruptions, kept a net neutral foreign exchange position since Turkey's financial crisis in the early 2000s.
That changed in mid-December, when they embarked on the sharpest expansion of their short foreign currency positions in at least five years, reaching a net short position of $4.3 billion on May 22 and nearly doubling that by July 3, according to BDDK statistics.
That pushed them beyond the regulatory limit of 20% of capital, though some leeway is allowed to exceed briefly.
The large short positions could expose the banks to losses if the lira suddenly drops. It was unclear if the state banks had hedged their positions to minimize that risk.
By contrast, private banks are $4.1 billion long on foreign currency, according to BDDK figures.
The large increase in state banks' short FX position has coincided with greater stability of the lira, which is trading in an unusually narrow range after settling in mid-May and staying almost unmoved from 6.85 to the dollar since mid-June.
"I suspect state banks are giving a helping hand as the central bank's reserves are pretty much all used up," one senior Turkish banking source said.
The central bank was calculated to have sold around $60 billion of reserves this year on top of $32 billion last year, while the combined exposure of the deposit-taking state banks' short foreign exchange positions was over 25% of their reserves, the banking source said.
Among emerging markets, Turkey is unusual in that its interventions have depleted the central bank's reserves.
Its gross reserves fell from $81 billion at the start of the year to $49 billion in mid-May, just as state banks - mainly Halkbank, Vakifbank, and Ziraat Bank - started increasing their short foreign currency positions, according to three banking sources and BDDK.
Halkbank declined to comment, while Vakifbank and Ziraat Bank did not immediately respond to requests. Asked whether it had coordinated with the state banks as they stepped up their short positions, the central bank did not comment.
Banking regulator BDDK also declined to comment.
Central bank data shows reserves had recovered slightly to $51 billion by July 3, the day BDDK reported the biggest short positions for state banks.
Interventions by state banks and the central bank's decreasing reserves heighten investor concerns about Turkey's foreign currency buffers. External debt obligations for the next 12 months are nearly $165 billion.
Despite losing around 13% of its value so far this year, the lira has still outperformed most emerging market peers. Keeping the lira both a competitive export currency and stable has been one of Ankara's goals for the past few years.
Though they have not commented on state banks' short forex positions, Finance Minister Berat Albayrak said in May the central bank may intervene to keep currency stability and its governor Murat Uysal said in April reserves had fluctuated due to "extraordinary circumstances" with the pandemic.
