Teeth Reveal Origins of Fighters in Greek Himera Battle

This undated photo released by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, shows the dental calculus on the lower jaw where a medieval woman entrapped lapis lazuli
pigment, seen below center tooth. (Christina Warinner/Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History via AP)
This undated photo released by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, shows the dental calculus on the lower jaw where a medieval woman entrapped lapis lazuli pigment, seen below center tooth. (Christina Warinner/Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History via AP)
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Teeth Reveal Origins of Fighters in Greek Himera Battle

This undated photo released by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, shows the dental calculus on the lower jaw where a medieval woman entrapped lapis lazuli
pigment, seen below center tooth. (Christina Warinner/Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History via AP)
This undated photo released by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, shows the dental calculus on the lower jaw where a medieval woman entrapped lapis lazuli pigment, seen below center tooth. (Christina Warinner/Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History via AP)

Geochemical evidence collected by US researchers revealed that armies in the Greek Battles of Himera were a mixture of locals and outsiders.

According to a study published March 24, 2021 in the journal PLOS ONE by Katherine Reinberger of the University of Georgia, these data contradict certain claims made in historical accounts by ancient Greek writers.

In 480 BCE, the ancient Greek city of Himera successfully fought off a Carthaginian army. In 409 BCE, Carthage attacked again, and Himera fell. Historians of the time, including Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, write that Himera stood strong in the first battle thanks to the aid of Greek allies, while it went unaided in the second battle. However, given the limited and partisan perspective of those ancient historians, these accounts are liable to be incomplete and biased.

The authors of the present study tested these historical claims against geochemical evidence. They sampled strontium and oxygen isotopes from tooth enamel of 62 soldiers who fought in the battles. The soldiers' tooth chemistry varied based on their region of origin.

The researchers found that only about one-third of Himera's soldiers from the first battle were local to the area, while around three-fourths were locals in the second battle, corroborating the written claims that Himera was more aided by outsiders the first time than in the second battle. However, the evidence also shows that, contrary to written accounts, many outsiders were not Greek allies, but were instead mercenaries hired from beyond Greek territories.

"This study demonstrates the power of archaeological remains to test the claims of historical texts and reveals a potential bias in ancient writings. Ancient Greek historians might have intentionally downplayed the role of foreign mercenaries in the Battles of Himera, as hired foreign mercenaries could potentially be distasteful to Greek society," the study authors said in a report published on the PLOS ONE website.

The authors add: "Here we were able to use isotopes to challenge those sources by finding evidence of mercenaries and potentially foreign soldiers from very diverse geographic origins."



Fire Risk and Strong Winds Continue in Southern California with Potential Rain on the Horizon 

A mobile home park destroyed in the Palisades Fire is seen on January 21, 2025 in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. (Getty Images via AFP)
A mobile home park destroyed in the Palisades Fire is seen on January 21, 2025 in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. (Getty Images via AFP)
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Fire Risk and Strong Winds Continue in Southern California with Potential Rain on the Horizon 

A mobile home park destroyed in the Palisades Fire is seen on January 21, 2025 in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. (Getty Images via AFP)
A mobile home park destroyed in the Palisades Fire is seen on January 21, 2025 in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. (Getty Images via AFP)

Parched Southern California was forecast to face more dangerous winds on Wednesday but could get some badly needed rain this weekend, dampening the prospects of another round of killer wildfires though even a small amount of precipitation could create new challenges like toxic ash runoff.

Los Angeles officials were preparing for that prospect even as a small number of residents were allowed to return to the devastated Pacific Palisades and Altadena areas and firefighters quickly controlled small blazes that broke out.

Mayor Karen Bass issued an executive order Tuesday to expedite cleanup efforts in burn areas and mitigate the environmental impacts of fire-related pollutants. She ordered crews to remove vegetation, shore up hillsides, install barriers and reinforce roads ahead of the possible weekend rain, which could create mud and debris flows.

“This is to prevent additional damage to areas already ravaged by fire and also to protect our watershed, beaches and ocean from toxic runoff,” Bass said during a news conference.

Los Angeles County supervisors also approved an emergency motion to install flood control infrastructure and expedite and remove sediment in fire-impacted areas.

A 60% to 80% chance of a small amount of rain was forecast for Southern California starting Saturday, with most areas likely getting not more than a third of an inch (0.8 cm), according to Ryan Kittell, a meteorologist for the National Weather Service’s office for Los Angeles. However up to an inch (2.5 centimeters) could fall in localized thunderstorms, which would be a worst-case scenario if enough to trigger debris flows on scorched hillsides.

“But even if the rain doesn’t materialize this time, it could be a good practice run for those communities because this will be a threat that they’ll have to deal with for months or years,” Kittell said.

In 2018, Montecito, a town 80 miles (130 kilometers) up the coast from Los Angeles, was ravaged by mudslides after a downpour hit mountain slopes burned bare by a huge wildfire. Twenty-three people died, and hundreds of homes were damaged.

Winds eased somewhat Tuesday afternoon after peaking at 60 mph (96 kph) in many areas, but gusty conditions were expected to return the next two days. Red flag warnings for critical fire risk were extended through 8 p.m. Thursday in LA and Ventura counties.

“Our concern is the next fire, the next spark that causes the next wildfire,” said David Acuna, a spokesman with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, or Cal Fire. Another worry was that the two major blazes, the Palisades and Eaton fires, could break their containment lines as firefighters continue to keep watch for hot spots.

Fire engines and water-dropping aircraft allowed crews to swiftly douse several small blazes that popped up in LA and San Diego counties, officials said.

Evacuation orders were lifted for the Friars Fire, which broke out near a San Diego mall, and partially for the Lilac Fire, which burned through dry brush after threatening some structures, Cal Fire said. Nearby crews fully contained the Pala Fire, another small blaze. The Clay fire in Riverside was 40% contained Tuesday night and evacuation orders were lifted.

Southern California Edison preemptively shut off power to more than 60,000 customers in five counties to prevent new fires from being sparked by winds toppling electrical equipment; electricity was later restored to some. The utility was considering precautionary shutoffs for an additional 160,000 customers.

Authorities urged residents to review evacuation plans, prepare emergency kits and be on the lookout for fires and report them quickly.

Bass also warned that winds could carry ash and advised Angelenos to visit the city's website to learn how to protect themselves from toxic air during the latest Santa Ana wind event.

The low humidity, bone-dry vegetation and strong winds came as firefighters continued to battle the Palisades and Eaton fires, which have killed at least 28 people and destroyed more than 14,000 structures since they broke out Jan. 7. Containment of the Palisades Fire reached 63%, and the Eaton Fire was at 89%.

The federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms is investigating the causes of the fires but has not released any findings.

Several lawsuits have been filed by people who lost their homes in the Eaton Fire, alleging Southern California Edison equipment sparked the blaze. On Tuesday a judge overseeing one of the lawsuits ordered the utility to produce data from circuits in the area where the fire started.

President Donald Trump, who criticized the response to the wildfires during his inaugural address Monday, has said he will travel to Los Angeles on Friday.