Crown Prince Announces Saudi Green and Middle East Green Initiatives

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. (SPA)
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. (SPA)
TT

Crown Prince Announces Saudi Green and Middle East Green Initiatives

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. (SPA)
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. (SPA)

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, announced on Saturday the Saudi Green Initiative and the Middle East Green Initiative.

The initiatives, which will be launched soon, aim to chart a path for Saudi Arabia and the region in protecting the planet, by clearly defining an ambitious road map that rallies the region and significantly contributes to achieving global targets in confronting climate change, said Crown Prince Mohammed, according to the Saudi Press Agency.

He remarked that as a leading global oil producer, “the Kingdom fully recognizes its share of responsibility in advancing the fight against the climate crisis. Just as the Kingdom underpinned energy markets during the oil and gas era, it is going to become a global leader in forging a greener world.”

He said Saudi Arabia and the region face significant climate challenges, such as desertification, which is an immediate economic risk to the Kingdom and region (USD 13 billion is currently lost due to dust storms in the region every year).

Air pollution from greenhouse gases is also estimated to have shortened average Saudi life expectancy by 1.5 years.

“We will work through the Saudi Green Initiative to raise vegetation cover, reduce carbon emissions, combat pollution and land degradation, and preserve marine life,” said Crown Prince Mohammed.

The initiative will include a number of ambitious plans, most notably the planting of 10 billion trees in the Kingdom in the upcoming decades, or the equivalent to rehabilitating roughly 40 million hectares of degraded lands, translating to a twelvefold increase from current tree cover.

This represents the Kingdom's contribution of more than 4% in achieving the goals of the global initiative to limit the degradation of lands and fungal habitats, and 1% of the global target to plant 1 trillion trees.

The Kingdom will also work to raise the percentage of protected areas to more than 30% of its total land area, representing roughly 600,000 square kilometers, exceeding the current global target of 17%, in addition to launching a number of ambitious initiatives to protect Marine and Coastal Environments, continued Crown Prince Mohammed.

The Saudi Green Initiative will also work to reduce carbon emissions by more than 4% of global contributions, through an ambitious renewable energy program that will generate 50% of the Kingdom’s energy from renewables by 2030. It will also focus on several other projects in the fields of clean hydrocarbon technologies, estimated to eliminate more than 130 MT of carbon emissions and raising the rate of waste diversion from landfills to reach 94% in the Kingdom.

“While there is still a lot more to be done, the Kingdom is determined to make a lasting global impact. We will start working on The Middle East Green Initiative in coordination with neighboring and sister countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Middle Eastern countries to plant an additional 40 billion trees in the region,” said Crown Prince Mohammed.

“This overall regional 50 billion tree planting program is the largest reforestation program in the world and twice the size of the Great Green Wall in the Sahel (the second largest such regional initiative). The project will restore an area equivalent to 200 million hectares of degraded land, representing 5% of the global target of planting 1 trillion trees and reducing 2.5% of global carbon levels,” he continued.

“Today the share of clean energy production in the Middle East doesn’t exceed 7%, and technologies used in hydrocarbon production in the region are not efficient. The Kingdom therefore, will work with regional partners to transfer our knowledge and share our experiences, which will contribute to reducing carbon emissions resulting from hydrocarbon production in the region by more than 60%,” he added.

These joint efforts and various other initiatives, will achieve a reduction in carbon emissions by more than 10% of global contributions.

“These two initiatives are a continuation of the environmental efforts in the Kingdom over the past few years in line with our Vision 2030,” he stressed. “The initiatives are a testimony of the Kingdom’s serious desire to address the environmental challenges it has faced, from increase in temperatures and dust waves to low levels of rain and desertification.”

“In this regard the Kingdom has carried out a comprehensive restructuring of the environmental sector, established the Environmental Special Forces in 2019, raised the percentage of natural reserves from 4% to more than 14% and increased vegetation cover by 40% in the past four years,” he added.

“The Kingdom was also able to achieve the most efficient levels of carbon emission of hydrocarbon producing countries, alongside other initiatives that have already started on the ground and resulted in tangible positive results for the environment. This is all part of the Kingdom’s efforts to promote public health and raise quality of life for its citizens and residents,” he declared.

“On a global level, these initiatives emanate from the Kingdom's leadership role towards common international issues, and a continuation of Kingdom’s efforts to protect the planet during its presidency of the G20 summit last year,” Crown Prince Mohammed said.

The 2020 summit witnessed the declaration of a dedicated environmental. The concept of Circular Carbon Economy was adopted, and the first environmental taskforce was established, alongside the launching of two global initiatives to reduce land degradation and protection of coral reefs.

“I am proud to announce the Saudi and Middle East Green Initiatives, but this is only a start,” said Crown Prince Mohammed.

“The Kingdom, the region and the world need to go much further and faster in combatting climate change. Given our starting point, beginning this journey to a greener future has not been easy. But in line with our overall modernization philosophy, we are not avoiding tough choices,” he went on to say.

“Climate action will enhance competitiveness, spark innovation and create millions of high-quality jobs. Young people, both in the Kingdom and the world, are demanding a cleaner, greener and more inclusive future, and we owe it to them to deliver on this,” he stressed.

“The Kingdom will work with all international partners to further develop these two initiatives and the various programs and timelines entailed in them,” he said.

The details of the Saudi Green Initiative will be announced in following months, and a global forum with international partners for the Middle East Green Initiative will be launched and held in the second quarter of next year.



Saudi State Institutions: A Century Since the Basic Instructions

An early, rare photograph of King Abdulaziz in Makkah after he left the Grand Mosque (King Abdulaziz Foundation)
An early, rare photograph of King Abdulaziz in Makkah after he left the Grand Mosque (King Abdulaziz Foundation)
TT

Saudi State Institutions: A Century Since the Basic Instructions

An early, rare photograph of King Abdulaziz in Makkah after he left the Grand Mosque (King Abdulaziz Foundation)
An early, rare photograph of King Abdulaziz in Makkah after he left the Grand Mosque (King Abdulaziz Foundation)

By Bandar Bin Abdulrahman Bin Moamar

Saudi Arabia was built neither on the ruins of another state nor on institutions left by a colonial power. Its founding three centuries ago was an achievement without precedent in the Arabian Peninsula.

King Abdulaziz, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, inherited no unified state apparatus. Conditions and administrative arrangements varied across the regions. He drew on what existed, then brought those structures together and developed them as part of a growing institutional project.

After completing the annexation of the Hejaz in 1925, he laid new foundations for state institutions and administration, accelerating regional integration and strengthening national unity.

King Abdulaziz, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia’s 96th National Day this year marks another anniversary: a century since the Basic Instructions were issued on Aug. 31, 1926. Dr. Abdulrahman Al-Shubaily called them “the first written constitutional document in the history of the modern Saudi state.”

The occasion also comes a decade after the launch of Saudi Vision 2030 in 2016, a decade of unprecedented achievements. Yet the institutional thinking that connects the 1920s with the 2020s has received too little study. It deserves a closer look.

A century since the first founding document

The Basic Instructions followed the pledge of allegiance to King Abdulaziz as king of the Hejaz in January 1926. They served as a first constitution, opening the phase that led to Saudi Arabia’s unification in 1932.

Across 79 articles, the document laid the legal foundations for government. It defined the powers of the king’s deputy in the Hejaz and set out the administrative structures, the Shura Council and six departments: Sharia affairs, interior, foreign affairs, finance, education and the army. Those departments became the seeds of a government system that today includes more than 20 ministries and over 300 institutions, authorities and agencies.

The document’s significance becomes clearer in its historical setting. King Abdulaziz tasked an elected committee of national figures from various fields with drafting it.

They included Abdulqader Al-Shaibi, Mohammed Sharaf Adnan, Mohammed Al-Marzouqi Abu Hussein, Saleh Shatta, Mohammed Hussein Nassif, Suleiman Qabel, Mahmoud Shalhoub, Hussein Basalama, Ali Kutbi, Mohammed Saeed Abu Al-Khair, Mohammed Majed Al-Kurdi, Abdullah Zainal, Hussein Adnan and Abdullah Al-Dahlawi.

Together, they helped draft a blueprint for a state built on institutions. It showed early political maturity in a region shaped by conquest and control.

One point is often overlooked: the Basic Instructions applied to the Kingdom of the Hejaz, even as their institutions influenced other regions. Najd and the Hejaz remained separate kingdoms under King Abdulaziz. Fuad Hamza noted that changing conditions required amendments to parts of the document while it was in force.

The instructions remained a constitution until the two kingdoms were unified. In retrospect, they were deliberately transitional: a founding document for a state still taking shape, not a fixed system. King Abdulaziz built institutions knowing that a larger, more comprehensive structure would follow.

The decades between the two documents

From 1926 to 1932, the Basic Instructions governed the work of state institutions under King Abdulaziz’s skilled leadership and close oversight. They framed the transition to a unified state. Vision 2030 also charts a transition, including the shift from a rentier economy to a diversified one and from a consuming state to a producing one.

The parallel goes beyond form. A century ago, the Basic Instructions brought the army, education, the judiciary, taxation and the Hajj under one document. Vision 2030 brings energy, technology, culture, tourism, industry and education into one national plan.

The circumstances, however, could hardly be more different. The 1926 document governed the institutions of a kingdom struggling to survive in a turbulent region. The 2016 document guides the ambitions of a state with the region’s largest economy, a seat in the Group of 20 major economies and a leading role in the Arab and Islamic worlds.

From domestic development to an international presence

Over the past century, Saudi Arabia has undergone sweeping change and development across all fields. Through complex regional and global upheaval, preserving stability while continuing to build has remained a constant concern.

Sovereignty and national unity have been non-negotiable throughout the Saudi state’s history. That resolve has come with careful calculation of the costs and consequences of confrontation.

Saudi Arabia has also shown restraint in managing conflicts: favoring diplomacy and mediation over open confrontation and avoiding unequal wars whenever possible. This practical approach has been a feature of its policy.

The distinction between enduring principles and changing circumstances helps explain the state’s institutional continuity over three centuries, despite repeated shifts in regional and international power. Studies of Saudi foreign policy trace these principles to King Abdulaziz’s reign and find a common thread in major decisions taken decades apart.

In recent years, Saudi Arabia has gradually changed how it handles regional issues, reshaping conventional views of its international role. Media and researchers have called the approach a policy of “zeroing out crises” or “zero problems.”

It has developed alongside Vision 2030, which links regional stability to economic diversification and attracting investment. Saudi Arabia has also expanded its engagement in international affairs and built strategic alliances and partnerships.

The tools and methods have changed; the underlying principles have endured. The ability to adapt while preserving those foundations remains a defining feature of Saudi policy.

Saudi political discourse stresses respect for the sovereignty of other states and noninterference in their internal affairs. King Abdulaziz sought to establish those same principles in his dealings with the British, from the Uqair talks in 1922 to the Treaty of Jeddah in 1927.

Why, then, have these principles and changes received so little institutional and academic attention?

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Crown Prince and Prime Minister. SPA

A state whose models are sought abroad

In 1926, King Abdulaziz produced a first constitutional document for a state short of resources and modern amenities. A century later, Saudi Arabia ranks first globally in the growth of its innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem, according to StartupBlink’s 2025 report. Its approaches to economic transformation and political affairs are now studied elsewhere.

The contrast is stark. In December 1922, King Abdulaziz attended the Uqair conference to negotiate his state’s borders with the British. About a century later, Saudi Arabia won the right to host Expo 2030 with the highest share of votes in the event’s history. It was also awarded the 2034 World Cup without a rival bid. A state that once negotiated its borders with the great powers has been chosen to host two major global events.

The Basic Instructions were built to be superseded. Vision 2030, different in nature and purpose, also charts a stage to move beyond. Each document has framed what comes next while raising the level of ambition. That ambition began three centuries ago with the drive to bring divided communities together. It continues through successive achievements and the surpassing of targets.

The distinction between the documents matters. The Basic Instructions managed an institutional transition through legal rules for government and administration. Vision 2030 guides an institutional transformation through a national strategic framework. Their legal character is different. What connects them is their use of a comprehensive framework to manage change.

Saudi Arabia’s successive achievements keep opening new chapters in its history. They deserve sustained study and documentation — from researchers and historians, but also from public policy centers, universities and institutions that still treat the present as a given rather than a subject for serious inquiry.


Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Directs Naming Mosque North of Riyadh After King Abdulaziz

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. SPA
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. SPA
TT

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Directs Naming Mosque North of Riyadh After King Abdulaziz

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. SPA
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. SPA

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud has directed, based on a proposal presented by Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Crown Prince and Prime Minister, that a mosque to be built north of Riyadh be named after King Abdulaziz.

The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques also directed that an 88,000-square-meter plot of land along King Abdulaziz Road be allocated for the mosque's construction.

Naming the mosque after the late King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud honors his national legacy and historic achievement in unifying the Kingdom, as well as his dedication to building mosques across Saudi Arabia.


Saudi FM Joins Regional Meeting with US President on Sidelines of UN General Assembly

Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan bin Abdullah participated on Tuesday in a multilateral meeting in New York convened by US President Donald Trump
Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan bin Abdullah participated on Tuesday in a multilateral meeting in New York convened by US President Donald Trump
TT

Saudi FM Joins Regional Meeting with US President on Sidelines of UN General Assembly

Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan bin Abdullah participated on Tuesday in a multilateral meeting in New York convened by US President Donald Trump
Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan bin Abdullah participated on Tuesday in a multilateral meeting in New York convened by US President Donald Trump

Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan bin Abdullah participated on Tuesday in a multilateral meeting in New York convened by US President Donald Trump, the Saudi Press Agency said.

The meeting, held on the sidelines of the High-level Week of the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly, was attended by heads of delegations from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Türkiye.

During the meeting, the participants discussed the latest developments in the Middle East, with a focus on the regional escalation and its implications for the region's security and stability, as well as challenges related to the security and freedom of navigation in the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab al-Mandab Strait.

The participants also reviewed efforts to contain tensions and prevent the conflict from expanding across the region, as well as ways to strengthen political and diplomatic efforts to address ongoing crises.

The meeting was attended by Saudi Ambassador to the United States of America Princess Reema bint Bandar bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz, Director General of the General Administration for Policy Planning Prince Dr. Abdullah bin Khalid bin Saud, and Adviser and Special Envoy to the Foreign Minister for Negotiations and Peace Efforts Dr. Manal Radwan.