Having fled their homes to escape President Bashar al-Assad's rule, many of Syrians sheltering in the opposition-held northwest fear their fate may once again be placed in his hands.
Russia, Assad's key ally, wants UN aid to the region to come through the capital Damascus and not via Turkey, raising fears that food on which they rely will fall under their oppressor's control.
A UN mandate to supply aid from Turkey, currently via the Bab al-Hawa crossing, expires on Saturday, and while Western members of the UN Security Council want to extend and expand it, veto powers Russia and China are wary of renewing it.
Russia skipped negotiations on the issue on Tuesday.
Hossam Kaheil, who fled to Idlib in 2018 when the uprising in Ghouta, just outside Damascus, was defeated, does not trust Syrian authorities to let aid through if supply lines are changed.
"In Idlib the situation is good, but if they close the crossings, there will be a humanitarian catastrophe," said the 36-year-old, who recalls being so hungry in 2014, as the Syrian army laid siege to Ghouta, that he had to eat animal feed.
He added that two of his siblings died due to medical shortages during the siege, described by UN investigators as the longest in modern history.
UN aid across the Turkish border has helped to keep millions of Syrians supplied with food, medicine and water in the last part of Syria still held by anti-Assad insurgents.
Syria says it is committed to facilitating the delivery of UN aid from within the country. The Syrian information ministry did not respond to emailed questions from Reuters for this article.
Russian President Vladimir Putin said last month that the Red Cross and Red Crescent should be allowed to observe if there were suspicions of any stealing, although he did not think that would happen.
Russian leverage
The tussle marks a diplomatic front in a war that has been in military stalemate for several years, with Moscow and Damascus seeking to reassert state sovereignty over a corner of Syria outside their control.
Since winning back the bulk of Syria with Russian and Iranian help, Assad has struggled to advance further: Turkish forces block his path in the northwest, and US forces are on the ground in the Kurdish-controlled east, where oilfields, farmland and land routes to Iraq are located.
Government-held Syria, along with the rest of the country, is in economic crisis. Assad's plans for reconstruction and economic revival, which came to little, faced new headwinds with the imposition of new US sanctions last year.
"This is a moment of leverage for Russia - a wrangle over strategic advantage in which humanitarian issues are being used as the fulcrum," said Joshua Landis, head of the Center for Middle East Studies at the University of Oklahoma.
"Unfortunately, the Syrian people are the real losers in this battle between Russia and the United States."
The United States wants the aid mandate renewed. So does Turkey, which exercises sway in the northwest through support to opposition factions, aid, and Turkish boots on the ground.
The United Nations has warned that failure to renew the aid operation would be devastating for millions of people.
"We don't want to see these people becoming pawns in a political game," said Mark Cutts, UN deputy regional humanitarian coordinator for the Syria crisis.
"It is really shameful that we are talking about reducing access at a time when we should be scaling up the operation."
The number of people dependent on aid in the northwest has grown by 20% to 3.4 million in a year, the UN says.
Mistrust
Russia cites US sanctions as a reason for the humanitarian problems. Washington, whose sanctions aim to cut off funds for Assad's government, rejects this.
Agreed in 2014 when Assad was in retreat, the UN mandate initially allowed deliveries from four locations. Russian and Chinese opposition whittled this down to one last year. Russia says the operation is outdated.
Delivering aid across frontlines has proven difficult if not impossible throughout the war.
"We've requested access for cross-line convoys multiple times ... because we would like as much access as possible from all sides, but the war is not over," Cutts said.
"In this kind of environment, it is very difficult to get agreement from the parties on both sides for convoys to move across that frontline."
Opposition factions in the northwest include groups proscribed as terrorists by the Security Council. UN oversight has prevented aid being diverted to armed groups, Cutts said, expressing concern that the loss of such oversight may deter donors.
Durmus Aydin, secretary-general of Turkey's Humanitarian Relief Foundation (IHH), part of the aid operation, told Reuters that aid deliveries across frontlines did not seem possible at the moment.
"One of the reasons this isn't a realistic solution is the mistrust in people towards the Syrian government and Russia."
