President Kais Saied said Tuesday that Tunisia was moving "from despair to hope" after a referendum almost certain to approve a new constitution that concentrates nearly all powers in his office.
But his rivals accused the Saied-controlled ISIE electoral board of "fraud" and said his referendum -- which was marked by a turnout of little more than a quarter of the 9.3 million electorate -- had "failed".
Monday's vote came a year to the day after Saied sacked the government and suspended parliament in what was perceived as a blow to the gains made after the 2011 revolution.
For some Tunisians, his moves sparked fears of a return to autocracy, but they were welcomed by others, fed up with high inflation and unemployment, political corruption and a system they felt had brought few improvements.
There had been little doubt the "Yes" campaign would win, and an exit poll suggested that votes cast were overwhelmingly in favor.
Most of Saied's rivals called for a boycott, and while turnout was low, it was higher than the single figures many had expected -- at least 27.5 percent, according to the electoral board.
"Tunisia has entered a new phase," Saied told celebrating supporters after polling closed.
"What the Tunisian people did... is a lesson to the world, and a lesson to history on a scale that the lessons of history are measured on," he said.
The National Salvation Front opposition alliance accused the electoral board of falsifying turnout figures.
Its head, Ahmed Nejib Chebbi, said the figures were "inflated and don't fit with what observers saw on the ground".
ISIE "isn't honest and impartial, and its figures are fraudulent," he said.
'New step'
Saied, a 64-year-old law professor, dissolved parliament and seized control of the judiciary and the electoral commission on July 25 last year.
His opponents say the moves aimed to install an autocracy, while his supporters say they were necessary after years of corruption and political turmoil.
"After 10 years of disappointment and total failure in the management of state and the economy, the Tunisian people wanted to get rid of the old and take a new step, whatever the results are," said Noureddine al-Rezgui, a bailiff.
A poll of "Yes" voters by state television suggested "reforming the country and improving the situation" along with "support for Kais Saied/his project" were their main motivations.
Thirteen percent cited being "convinced by the new constitution".
Rights groups have warned the draft gives vast, unchecked powers to the presidency, allows him to appoint a government without parliamentary approval and makes him virtually impossible to remove from office.
Said Benarbia, regional director of the International Commission of Jurists, told AFP the new constitution would "give the president almost all powers and dismantle any check on his rule".
Moreover, low turnout means "any resulting constitution would not reflect the views of the majority of Tunisians and would lack democratic legitimacy and national ownership," he added.
"The process was opaque and illegal, the outcome is illegitimate."
Saied has repeatedly threatened his enemies in recent months, issuing video diatribes against unnamed foes he describes as "germs", "snakes" and "traitors".
On Monday, he promised to hold to account "all those who have committed crimes against the country".
'Back on the rails'
Analyst Abdellatif Hannachi said the results meant Saied "can now do whatever he wants without taking anyone else into account."
"The question now is: what is the future of opposition parties and organizations?"
As well as remaking the political system, Monday's vote was seen as a gauge of Saied's personal popularity, almost three years since the political outsider won a landslide in Tunisia's first democratic direct presidential election.
Hassen Zargouni, head of pollster Sigma Conseil, said that off 7,500 participants questioned, 92-93 percent voted "Yes".
He said turnout was "quite good" given some two million people have been automatically added to electoral rolls since the 2019 legislative election.
Participation in elections has gradually declined since the 2011 revolution, from just over half in a parliamentary poll months after Zine El Abidine Ben Ali's overthrow to 32 percent in 2019.
Those who voted "Yes" on Monday did so primarily to "put the country back on the rails and improve the situation," Zargouni said.
Tunis resident Aziz Benrizq, 22, agreed.
"God willing, things will get easier and the situation in the country will improve," he said.
