Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon on Alert in Wake of Gaza Escalation

People hold Palestinian flags during a rally to express solidarity with Palestinians, in Kfar Kila village near the border with Israel, southern Lebanon, October 8, 2023. (Reuters)
People hold Palestinian flags during a rally to express solidarity with Palestinians, in Kfar Kila village near the border with Israel, southern Lebanon, October 8, 2023. (Reuters)
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Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon on Alert in Wake of Gaza Escalation

People hold Palestinian flags during a rally to express solidarity with Palestinians, in Kfar Kila village near the border with Israel, southern Lebanon, October 8, 2023. (Reuters)
People hold Palestinian flags during a rally to express solidarity with Palestinians, in Kfar Kila village near the border with Israel, southern Lebanon, October 8, 2023. (Reuters)

Head of Hamas’ National Relations Abroad Ali Baraka denied on Monday claims that the Al-Aqsa Storm operation against Israel was planned by officials that included “resistance axis” members in Beirut.

In southern Lebanon, Palestinians rallied at the border with Israel in support of the operation and to condemn the Israeli assault on Gaza. Some demonstrators threw rocks towards Israel, while others attempted to infiltrate the border, leading to clashes.

Baraka told Asharq Al-Awsat: “It would be difficult to rein in the people given Israel’s vicious retaliation.”

He did not rule out the possibility of operations being launched from Lebanon.

Israel’s military said early Tuesday that a deputy Israeli commander was killed in clashes on the northern border with Lebanon.

The military identified the deputy commander as Alim Abdallah, but did not specify the exact circumstances of his death.

Palestinian militants from the Islamic Jihad group slipped from Lebanon into Israel, prompting Israeli shelling into southern Lebanon. Lebanon’s Hezbollah party said five of its members were killed, and it retaliated with a volley of rockets and mortars at two Israeli army bases across the border.

Baraka made his remarks prior to these developments.

“We had hoped that all fronts would have been opened against the enemy. We could have reclaimed all of our occupied territories,” he added.

Hamas was the sole party that planned the Al-Aqsa Storm surprise operation against Israel, he stressed, denying that Beirut, Damascus or Tehran were involved.

“We are a resistance defending our land and we take our decisions independently,” Baraka stated.

Leading Fatah member in Lebanon Mounir al-Maqdah told Asharq Al-Awsat that the Palestinian refugee camps are on alert.

The Palestinian people in the Palestinian territories or abroad are one, he declared.

“Every Palestinian, no matter where they are, must be prepared to come to the aid of our people in Gaza to defeat the occupation,” he added.

“We will not remain silent over the massacres that are taking place in Gaza. Should the assault continue, we are prepared to wage a major battle that would completely end the occupation,” he warned.

On whether he supports attacks on Israel from southern Lebanon, he replied: “We are waiting to see how things develop. Our people are fighting on their land and we are prepared to stand by their side and fight with them.”

Lebanon is hosting some 230,000 Palestinian refugees, according to statistics from the Central Administration of Statistics and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. They are spread throughout 12 refugee camps in Lebanon.

In an outdated survey conducted 11 years ago, UNRWA says some 483,000 Palestinians are living in Lebanon.



Iraq Farmers Turn to Groundwater to Boost Desert Yield

Iraqi farmer Hadi Saheb says he is cultivating 20 times more land than before in the Najaf desert thanks to groundwater and a government initiative. Qassem al-KAABI / AFP
Iraqi farmer Hadi Saheb says he is cultivating 20 times more land than before in the Najaf desert thanks to groundwater and a government initiative. Qassem al-KAABI / AFP
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Iraq Farmers Turn to Groundwater to Boost Desert Yield

Iraqi farmer Hadi Saheb says he is cultivating 20 times more land than before in the Najaf desert thanks to groundwater and a government initiative. Qassem al-KAABI / AFP
Iraqi farmer Hadi Saheb says he is cultivating 20 times more land than before in the Najaf desert thanks to groundwater and a government initiative. Qassem al-KAABI / AFP

Farmer Hadi Saheb cannot wait to see his wheat fields flourish in the heart of the desert after he tapped into groundwater reserves in water-starved Iraq.

He is just one of many Iraqis who have turned to drilling wells in the desert to help sustain the country's agriculture, AFP said.

It is a risky move that threatens to deplete the groundwater in a nation already battered by frequent drought and scarce rainfall.

Although Iraq's fertile plains traditionally stretch along the once-mighty Tigris and Euphrates -- the two rivers whose levels have plummeted -- Saheb's vast lands lie in the heart of the southern Najaf desert.

"Year after year the drought worsens, and the desertification intensifies," said the 46-year-old, dressed in a white abaya as a duststorm swept through the area.

So he has turned to groundwater, taking advantage of a government initiative.

This leases desert land to farmers at a symbolic price of one dollar per dunum (0.25 hectares in Iraq's measurement), provides subsidized irrigation systems, and buys their harvest at a preferential rate.

Now that he doesn't have to rely solely on rainfall, Saheb said he cultivates 20 times more land than before, and his harvest has increased to 250 tons.

"It would be impossible to continue without groundwater, which we cannot extract without drilling wells," he said.

Like many other farmers, Saheb has upgraded his irrigation techniques.

'Strategic reserve'

He now relies on a center-pivot method involving equipment rotating in a circle to water crops through sprinklers.

This uses at least 50 percent less water than flooding -- the vastly more wasteful traditional way used for millennia, during which the land is submerged.

According to the agriculture ministry, Iraq cultivated 3.1 million dunums (775,000 hectares) this winter using groundwater and modern irrigation systems, while the rivers watered only two million dunums.

In Najaf, desert farming has expanded significantly.

According to Moneim Shahid from Najaf's agriculture authorities, crop yields have been boosted by new irrigation methods, tougher seeds and fertilizers suitable for arid soils.

Shahid said he expects a harvest in Najaf this year of at least 1.7 tons of wheat per dunum in the desert, compared with 1.3 tons in areas irrigated by rivers.

Last year Iraq had a very good harvest, exceeding self-sufficiency with a production of 6.4 million tons of wheat, according to agriculture ministry figures.

Religious institutions such as the Imam Hussein Shrine in the holy city of Karbala back the authorities and also support desert farming.

Qahtan Awaz from the shrine's agriculture department said the institution, which employs families to farm desert areas, is cultivating 1,000 hectares and aims to more than triple that amount.

Today, groundwater reservoirs help mitigate agricultural losses caused by drought, an already frequent phenomenon in Iraq that is worsened by a warming planet.

But preserving those resources is proving to be a challenge.

Shahid from Najaf's agriculture authorities, said "we should be vigilant" in protecting groundwater, calling it "a strategic reserve for future generations".

Its use "should be rationed ... and sprinklers could help regulate consumption", he said.

Depleting supplies

The Najaf desert lies above the Umm el-Radhuma and the Dammam aquifers.

Water levels in both aquifers have declined, according to the United Nations which has also voiced caution that aquifers worldwide are depleting faster than they can be replenished naturally.

Sameh al-Muqdadi, a water politics and climate security expert, warned that Iraq's groundwater levels have already dropped.

Water used to be found 50 or 100 meters deep (165-330 feet), but today wells are dug 300 meters deep, he said.

"People believe that these resources will stay forever... which is not true," Muqdadi warned.

Authorities have no estimates for Iraq's groundwater, and the most recent figures date back to the 1970s, he said.

"If you don't have any estimation, you cannot manage your resources."

"Groundwater is a contingency measure, and it should be used only in urgent cases" such as droughts "to sustain food security only", not to expand farmland for commercial purposes, Muqdadi said.

But unfortunately, "this is what we have nowadays".