Heavy civilian casualties are the cost of Israel's intense campaign to destroy Hamas in Gaza and the militants' urban warfare strategy, Israeli military officials said, in the face of global alarm at the staggering toll from the bombing.
Israel has dropped thousands of tons of munitions over the past 10 weeks, leaving the narrow Mediterranean strip in ruins and killing nearly 20,000, many under collapsed buildings, Gazan officials say. Another 50,000 are injured, with almost no healthcare facilities working.
Speaking with reporters at the Palmachim Air Force Base, 45 km from Gaza on Monday, two officials said Israel acknowledged that the cost in civilian lives of each strike was balanced against an evaluation of the military advantage.
Israel's top war aim is to dismantle Hamas's military capabilities to prevent further attacks after the militants' Oct. 7 killings of 1,200 mainly civilian people and mass hostage-taking shook the Jewish state to its core.
But the loss of life in the Palestinian enclave has eroded global support after 10 weeks of bloodshed and Israel faces escalating pressure to scale-back the offensive. US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin on Monday urged his Israeli counterpart Israel to reduce harm to civilians.
Protecting civilians in Gaza was both "a moral duty and a strategic imperative", Austin said, warning excessive violence bred resentment that would benefit Hamas and make peaceful coexistence even harder in the long-term.
France, Britain and Germany on Sunday added their voices to calls for a ceasefire, while US President Joe Biden last week called the bombing "indiscriminate".
In an example of the civilian toll in Gaza, a strike killed 19 people from two local families as they slept at home in the town of Rafah in southern Gaza on Tuesday, including women, children and two babies, Gazan health authorities said. The bomb left a deep crater and rubble where a large building had stood.
"We have never seen such weapons. I was born in 1950, I have never seen anything like this," said Mohammed Zarab, whose family lost 11 people in the strike. He called it "a barbarian act".
Asked for comment on the strike, the IDF said it took feasible precautions to mitigate civilian harm under international law.
Senior Hamas official Ghazi Hamad on Sunday said Israel was "indiscriminately bombing schools and tents that house hundreds of thousands of displaced people and hospitals protected by international humanitarian law".
One of the officials, a legal advisor to the Israeli Defense Forces said hospitals can become a legitimate military target when they are being used by combatants. Hamas denies operating from civilian infrastructure like hospitals or schools.
Drone base
Speaking alongside Austin at a news conference, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said Israeli forces operated legally and "to minimize the harm to the civilian population".
The legal advisor said the air force was carrying out "thousands and thousands of attacks and often attacks that require heavy firepower" to break through tunnels.
"Really tragically that results in a large number of civilian casualties," said the official, in a briefing with journalists at the coastal base, from where grey military drones depart on bombing runs.
The Israeli military asked that the officials not be named for security reasons. Military spokesperson Daniel Hagari blamed Hamas' tactics for civilian suffering.
"Our intent is to defeat Hamas and secure the release of our hostages. The tragic suffering of civilians in Gaza — is not our intent."
Yagil Levy, an expert in civil military relations at the Israel Open University, calculated the civilian casualty rate in the war was around 61% in October, almost double that in previous conflicts in Gaza. He said that could indicate rules of engagement being interpreted more flexibly to minimize the risk to Israeli ground forces "by inflicting more death on the other side".
The officials said the government's war goal of destroying Hamas meant the campaign was more intense than in previous conflicts where the goal was to deter the group from attacks.
Whatever the reason, Israel was "not winning hearts and minds", Levy said, arguing that a political alternative was the only long-term solution.
Because of the sheer number of bombs, Israel could not always warn before a strike, which was why it had turned to mass evacuations of conflict zones, the legal advisor said.
Many of Gaza's 2.3 million people have left their homes multiple times under Israeli instructions to avoid strikes, broadcast by leaflets, on radio and social media.
Another senior Israeli military official said Israel pre-plans 90% of its daily bombing raids over Gaza. The officials said pre-planning involved a 10-step process to assess whether a target had military value, and the proportionality of the response, among other things.
Hagari said the military aborted attacks when it saw an unexpected civilian presence and chose which munition to use for each target to avoid unnecessary damage. Gazan authorities estimate 60% of houses have been damaged by the offensive.
"We know this is hard, but we are trying to save lives," Hagari said.
