As the glowing river of lava from a volcano that erupted last week in Iceland ebbed, not everyone was happy.
Hazel Lane, a 49-year-old dental practice manager in London, had booked a ticket to Reykjavik as soon as she saw footage of the eruption on television, hoping to witness spectacular lava flows beneath molten red skies.
Lane had already visited Iceland the previous month, but it was too soon. Although authorities had by that time evacuated the nearly 4,000 inhabitants of the nearby town of Grindavik, weeks passed before the volcano - which lies about 40 km (25 miles) southwest of Reykjavik - erupted on Dec. 18.
"I had a crazy notion of going to Reykjavik for the day to fly over the volcanic eruption," Lane said. She arrived with her son and his girlfriend on Dec. 22 to find that lava flows had already diminished.
"We're disappointed that the volcanic activity has ceased but we will still have a beautiful day in Reykjavik."
Lane will probably not have to wait long before the next eruption. Iceland, which is roughly the size of the US state of Kentucky and has fewer than 400,000 residents, boasts more than 30 active volcanoes.
That makes the north European island a prime destination for volcano tourism - a niche segment that attracts thousands of thrill seekers every year to sites from Mexico and Guatemala, to Sicily, Indonesia and New Zealand.
The decreased activity of the volcano near Grindavik quelled worries of a repeat of the travel chaos caused by ash from a major eruption of the island's Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010.
But for local tour agencies, planning to take tourists to the site, it was a missed opportunity. Recent eruptions - like the 2021 Fagradalsfjall volcano in southwest Iceland - have drawn thousands of visitors.
Troll Expeditions - which offers tours to Iceland's ice caves, glaciers, geothermal pools as well as a range of volcano trips - said tourist bookings to Iceland dropped before the Grindavik eruption due to the earthquakes preceding it. But the eruption itself quickly brought back interest.
"People are very excited to see the volcano. Unfortunately, the eruption has paused for the moment," the company said by email, noting it was the fourth eruption in the area in the past three years.
"The other eruptions have been great for tourism, as they have been so-called 'tourist eruptions' where you can get quite close to the crater and witness the lava flow."
Iceland's former president, Olafur Ragnar Grímsson, was already encouraging visitors to get ready for January.
"The predictions are that in two weeks the eruption might start again! Book your flight now so you can witness the Earth being created!" he said in a Dec. 23 post on social media platform X, formerly known as Twitter.
Managing risks
For dedicated "lava chasers", nothing beats an arduous climb to the top of a volcano, the walk around a crater and the smell of sulphur in the air.
Often eruptions can be predicted well in advance, leaving plenty of time for evacuations and warnings.
When Mauna Loa in Hawaii, the world's largest active volcano, erupted late last year for the first time since 1984, thousands of awestruck onlookers flocked to see its glowing lava streams. Hawaii's Emergency Management Agency had already said there were no signs that lava would threaten populated areas.
But in some other cases, tourists have paid with their lives.
At the start of this month, Indonesia's Marapi volcano erupted, killing 22 people: climbers who perished near the crater. Marapi is one of the most active volcanoes on Sumatra island and previously erupted in January and February this year.
Indonesia, which straddles the so-called "Ring of Fire" around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, is home to more than 100 active volcanoes.
White Island in New Zealand, which is also known by the Maori name of Whakaari, has been closed since a disaster in 2019 when a volcanic eruption killed 22 people, mostly tourists. It used to regularly host visitors, though eruptions were not uncommon.
Despite such incidents, visiting volcanoes remains popular and, by managing risks properly, the chance of accidents can be minimalized, said Tom Pfeiffer, a geologist and volcanologist who runs VolcanoDiscovery, a company in Germany.
They organize tours to volcanoes around the world in small groups, taking on around 150 people per year to places including Java, Sulawesi, Sicily, and also Iceland. He said interest in visiting volcanoes fluctuated a little, depending on how much media attention they were getting, but was generally pretty steady.
"I'm sure the average number of accidents of volcano tourists is much lower than the average number of mountain sport accidents," Pfeiffer said by email. "This also holds despite the fortunately very rare cases of big disasters like the recent one at Marapi."
Pfeiffer said many of the accidents that did occur were due to a lack of preparation or information, or excess risk taking. Relying on local advice from authorities, volcano observatories and relying on guides with extensive experience could all mitigate the change of anything going wrong.
"In case of doubt, we never take the risk," he added.
Iceland has witnessed diverse eruptions in recent years, from ones where lava flows from fissures - like the one last week - to explosive ones of ice-covered volcanoes that spew ash plumes, where fire meets the ice. Many of them have been major tourist draws, with the risks well-flagged by local authorities.
The area around Grindavik remains closed off for now, and the Icelandic Metrological Office said on Dec. 27 that magma continued to accumulate under Svartsengi on the Reykjanes peninsula, meaning there is a chance of a fresh eruption.
Arnar Mar Olafsson, Director General of the Icelandic Tourist Board, said that some travelers had not respected the closure zone around the eruption site and had to be turned away because they were heading towards the volcano.
"People really want to get close and to go closer and see, but they don't really realize often how dangerous it is," he said.
