Swiss Chocolate…Story Born in 19th Century

Worker selects some of the sweet and elegant chocolates at the Laederach Swiss chocolatier shop in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Photo: AFP
Worker selects some of the sweet and elegant chocolates at the Laederach Swiss chocolatier shop in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Photo: AFP
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Swiss Chocolate…Story Born in 19th Century

Worker selects some of the sweet and elegant chocolates at the Laederach Swiss chocolatier shop in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Photo: AFP
Worker selects some of the sweet and elegant chocolates at the Laederach Swiss chocolatier shop in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Photo: AFP

The French know how to make good chocolate, the delicious praline comes from Belgium, but only Switzerland has a special relationship with its chocolate products.

A group of chocolate lovers gather on a cold morning in the Müensterplatz square, in Basel. Stephie, the tour guide, distributes the famous Leckerli gingerbread, a specialty of Basel covered with a layer of chocolate to satisfy the mood of the group.

On the Rhine banks, she got a piece of white chocolate with cocoa liquor from her handbag, and another one that combines dark and milk chocolate with cocoa butter, cocoa, sugar and milk.

“It is the bitter, savory and sweet taste that chocolate gives,” says Stephie.

A moment of anticipation precedes the first bite: the piece melts instantly thanks to the Swiss creativity. According to the tour guide, cocoa was sold in pharmacies during the 18th century. “It was a medical syrup mixed with herbs,” she explains.

When it arrived in Europe, it saw a swift transition, first with the sugar, and then, with the Swiss creative manufacturers. The first chocolate bar was made in England, in 1847, when British Joseph Fry developed a method to mix cocoa powder, sugar and cocoa butter to make a soft piece. Yet, the first edible chocolate piece was somehow fragile and hard to chew.

According to the German news agency, Switzerland discovered chocolate production in the 19th century. In 1819, François-Louis Cailler established the first chocolate factory on the Geneva Lake. The Cailler brand (today known as Nestle) is one of the oldest brands that are still alive in Switzerland.

But the real revolution was led by Daniel Peter, Cailler’s step son, 50 years later. In 1975, he created the first mass produced milk chocolate product. After several attempts using milk powder, Peter created the first successful chocolate product combining cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, sugar and condensed cow milk. “He was the first to serve chocolate to tourists,” Stephie says.

The next step to perfection was the use of the conche to mix the chocolate. Conching is a process invented by Rodolphe Lindt, from Berne, in 1879. He heated chocolate at 90C, stirred it for a long period and finally had a chocolate that melts in the mouth with a nicer smell.

Stephie notes that Basel is famed for a wide variety of sweets, which made it a destination for locals and visitors alike.

Schwyz, 35 kilometers from Lucerne, embraces the Max Felchlin firm, specialized in making flavored chocolate.

Cocoa beans from Latin America, Ghana and Madagascar are processed at the Felchlin factory until they become a shiny, mellow block.

The group visited the Max Felchlin store in Lucerne. The tasting there starts with low-intensity chocolate pieces, followed by peppery white chocolate with a sweet and chilly taste. Then, the tourists enjoy a piece of milk chocolate mixed with balsamic vinegar that tastes like gingerbread and chilly crackers, and the tour ends with a dark, sugarless piece of chocolate.

The tasting experience was fun, boosted everyone’s mood and emphasized, once again, the identity of the Swiss chocolate.



UK Police Arrest Man after Toddler Ends Up in Crocodile Enclosure in Zoo

A crocodile swims in Bandia Conservation Park, in Mbour, Senegal June 14, 2026. REUTERS/Raghed Waked
A crocodile swims in Bandia Conservation Park, in Mbour, Senegal June 14, 2026. REUTERS/Raghed Waked
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UK Police Arrest Man after Toddler Ends Up in Crocodile Enclosure in Zoo

A crocodile swims in Bandia Conservation Park, in Mbour, Senegal June 14, 2026. REUTERS/Raghed Waked
A crocodile swims in Bandia Conservation Park, in Mbour, Senegal June 14, 2026. REUTERS/Raghed Waked

Police in eastern England on Thursday arrested a 30-year-old man on suspicion of attempted murder after a 3-year-old boy ended up in a crocodile enclosure at a zoo near the English university city of Cambridge.

Cambridgeshire Police said officers were called early afternoon to Johnsons Zoo in Old Hurst following “reports of an incident involving a 3-year-old boy, during which he ended up in the crocodile enclosure."

The boy was taken to Addenbrooke’s Hospital in Cambridge about 25 miles (40 kilometers) away. According to The Associated Press, police said he was in critical but stable condition, and that a man from the nearby county of Norfolk was arrested on suspicion of murder.

“We do not believe the man arrested and the child are known to each other," said Detective Inspector Verity McCann.

According to its website, the zoo is home to more than 100 animals, including lions, tigers, sloth bears, capybaras, meerkats and crocodiles.


King Abdulaziz Royal Reserve Records 34 New Bird Species for First Time

Among the notable species recorded for the first time were the Rüppell's Vulture - SPA
Among the notable species recorded for the first time were the Rüppell's Vulture - SPA
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King Abdulaziz Royal Reserve Records 34 New Bird Species for First Time

Among the notable species recorded for the first time were the Rüppell's Vulture - SPA
Among the notable species recorded for the first time were the Rüppell's Vulture - SPA

The King Abdulaziz Royal Reserve Development Authority announced a significant environmental achievement during the first half of 2026, recording 34 new bird species added for the first time to the reserve's biodiversity list, raising the total number of recorded bird species to 225—a 15% increase in the reserve's documented avian diversity.

The authority explained that this achievement stems from continuous improvement in field monitoring efficiency and comprehensive geographic coverage within the reserve's boundaries, enhancing the accuracy of biodiversity documentation, SPA reported.

Spokesperson of the authority Abdulaziz Al-Furaih stated that the new findings reflect the accelerating development of the reserve's environmental monitoring programs, noting that documenting this number of new species is an important scientific indicator of ecosystem health and habitat integrity within the reserve, reinforcing its standing as one of the region's leading environments supporting biodiversity and migratory bird routes, in line with Saudi Vision 2030 and the Saudi Green Initiative.

Among the notable species recorded for the first time were the Rüppell's Vulture, the rare Red Phalarope, and the Pectoral Sandpiper, alongside migratory and rare birds including the Rose-colored Starling, Yellow Wagtail, Eurasian Skylark, and Song Thrush, reinforcing the reserve's scientific value as an international biodiversity observatory.

The monitoring results also confirmed the documentation of species of high conservation value listed on the IUCN Red List, most notably the African Vulture, classified as critically endangered, alongside near-threatened species such as the Western Orphean Warbler and the White-winged Lark.


Satellite Observations Detect 'Urban Pulse' of Six Global Cities

General view of the Burj Khalifa and the downtown skyline in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, September 30, 2021. REUTERS/Mohammed Salem/File Photo Purchase
General view of the Burj Khalifa and the downtown skyline in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, September 30, 2021. REUTERS/Mohammed Salem/File Photo Purchase
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Satellite Observations Detect 'Urban Pulse' of Six Global Cities

General view of the Burj Khalifa and the downtown skyline in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, September 30, 2021. REUTERS/Mohammed Salem/File Photo Purchase
General view of the Burj Khalifa and the downtown skyline in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, September 30, 2021. REUTERS/Mohammed Salem/File Photo Purchase

While a city is not a living organism, it behaves very much like one. Its metabolic processes may be manifested in growth spurts, metamorphosis over time and even decay. Researchers using satellite imagery have tracked the vital signs of six major global cities, detecting a distinctive "urban pulse" in each.

The researchers looked at Dubai, Lagos, Mexico City, Mumbai, Seattle and Shenzhen using a new way to document dynamic changes unfolding in each of these cities in near real-time.

Historically, experts have relied upon aggregated and infrequent data to document urbanization, such as a yearly census, annual economic figures or a map showing how a city's footprint has changed over a decade - essentially using specific outcomes as metrics. But the scientists behind the new study said such an approach provides an incomplete understanding of a city and can miss the nuances as a metropolis evolves, Reuters reported.

"We got the inspiration from the human pulse, which tells us different information about our health than weight or height," said study lead author Zhe Zhu, a professor of remote sensing and director of the Global Environmental Remote Sensing Laboratory at the University of Connecticut's Department of Natural Resources and the Environment.

"The urban pulse measures the high-frequency process of development, and therefore we can spot early warning signs of economic stress or stagnation before they become full-blown crises," Zhu said. "We compare traditional metrics to looking at a heart attack - the outcome - whereas the 'urban pulse' is like monitoring the daily lifestyle and vital signs leading up to that heart attack - the process."

The biggest takeaway from the study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is that urbanization is not smooth and steady, the researchers said.

"Urbanization is actually 'spiky,' meaning that it happens in abrupt, intense bursts, or 'cyclical,' moving through boom-and-rest phases that don't match annual seasons, or 'asynchronous,' as different neighborhoods in the exact same city develop at completely different, uncoordinated times," said study senior author Karen Seto, a Yale University professor of geography and urbanization science.

"This is important because, for decades, researchers have characterized cities through static maps," Seto said.

CITIES WITH DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

The researchers used dense and high-frequency satellite imagery from the US space agency NASA's Landsat and the European Space Agency's Sentinel-2 satellites. They tracked physical changes in the cities such as new building construction, demolition, major infrastructure improvements and expansion into green spaces.

"We selected cities with a wide range of political-economic conditions including the state-led development of Shenzhen, the market-driven growth of Seattle, the informal expansion of Lagos and the megaprojects of Dubai," Zhu said.

Shenzhen, formerly a small fishing village near Hong Kong that has become a megacity, exhibited the highest magnitude and intensity of growth, characterized by massive and clustered spikes reflecting rapid, state-led mobilization of capital.

Dubai, the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates, also showed huge growth.

In Nigeria's largest city Lagos, the "pulse" was highly fragmented, with long periods of inactivity punctuated by brief and intense surges.

Seattle, the largest metropolis in the US Pacific Northwest, reflected a market-driven pulse of redevelopment and densification.

Mumbai, India's financial and commercial powerhouse, and Mexico City, North America's most populous city, proved to be highly resilient and showed less disruption during global shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic than the others.

"Just as a human pulse reacts to illness, our data captured the exact moment COVID-19 triggered a synchronized 'cardiac arrest' in development worldwide. But the recovery was entirely unequal," Zhu said.

"Shenzhen saw a sharp, coordinated dip followed by a rapid rebound. Lagos experienced a muted pulse that transitioned into smaller, incremental changes. Meanwhile, cities like Mumbai and Mexico City showed much less of an impact. It showed us that global shocks don't manifest the exact same way in every city's 'body,'" Zhu said.

The researchers see practical applications for their method.

"For urban planners and policymakers, it functions as a diagnostic tool. Instead of reacting to a crisis after the fact, they can see exactly when and where a neighborhood's 'pulse' is slowing down and intervene early to prevent infrastructure collapse or economic decay. It also prevents cities from overheating their labor and material markets," Seto said.