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Saudi Aramco Does Not Plan to Increase Its Stake in Horse Powertrain 

Aramco's Executive Vice President for products and customers Yasser Mufti poses for a photograph during an interview with Reuters, in Milan, Italy August 31, 2024. (Reuters)
Aramco's Executive Vice President for products and customers Yasser Mufti poses for a photograph during an interview with Reuters, in Milan, Italy August 31, 2024. (Reuters)
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Saudi Aramco Does Not Plan to Increase Its Stake in Horse Powertrain 

Aramco's Executive Vice President for products and customers Yasser Mufti poses for a photograph during an interview with Reuters, in Milan, Italy August 31, 2024. (Reuters)
Aramco's Executive Vice President for products and customers Yasser Mufti poses for a photograph during an interview with Reuters, in Milan, Italy August 31, 2024. (Reuters)

Saudi Aramco does not plan to increase its 10% stake in fuel-based engines joint venture Horse Powertrain while it continues to pursue more deals to expand its downstream presence, a senior executive told Reuters.

Aramco in June agreed to buy a 10% stake in Horse Powertrain, valuing the venture with Renault and Geely at around 7.40 billion euros ($8.2 billion), as part of its growing interest in the automotive industry, including in the development of so called e-fuels.

"The 10% stake hits all of the boxes that we have for our financial and strategic objectives for this company," Yasser Mufti, Aramco's executive vice president for products and customers, said in an interview in Milan, where he was to follow Formula 1 Grand Prix in Monza at the weekend.

"I saw a lot of speculation about that but we were always targeting a 10% stake," he said, in the first public comments by a senior Aramco executive on the company's plans for the Horse Powertrain joint-venture.

Geely and Renault will each own 45% of the venture, which will supply gasoline engines, hybrid systems and gearboxes for internal combustion engine vehicles.

Aramco, the world's top oil exporter, is expected to finalize the stake purchase later this year.

Horse Powertrain aims to become a global supplier for automakers, which can buy "off-the-shelf" engines compatible with advanced fuels, Mufti said. "By 2050, half the (global auto) fleet will still be conventional combustion engines or hybrids".

More M&A deals will come for Aramco, after those it closed in the past 12 months, which include the purchases of Chilean fuel retailer Esmax and of stakes in Gas & Oil Pakistan and US-based MidOcean, its first LNG investment abroad.

"We're very busy in this space," Mufti said.

"The downstream business is where we have M&A opportunities and now LNG (liquefied natural gas) as well. We have targets and markets and we work with these opportunities as they come."

Downstream refers to refining, and sales and marketing of oil and gas products.

Last year, Aramco spent around $9 billion on acquisitions, up from $4.2 billion in 2022, according to LSEG data, and is now discussing more deals, including acquiring stakes in China's Shandong Yulong Petrolchemical and Hengli Petrochemical.

Aramco on Tuesday also announced it was broadening its partnership with the Aston Martin Formula 1 team, ahead of the 2026 implementation of new Formula 1 regulations, including requirements for sustainable fuels.

Mufti said Aramco was investing "hundreds of millions" to build two demonstration facilities with partners in Saudi Arabia and Spain, to develop e-fuels, that can be used in internal combustion engine vehicles and help reduce carbon footprint.

Made by synthesizing captured CO2 emissions and hydrogen produced using renewable or CO2-free electricity, e-fuels are not cheap. Their estimated cost is 2 euros per litter if produced at scale, four times the typical wholesale price for petrol made from oil.

The two facilities would be "excellent starting points" to help Aramco understand how to scale up e-fuels production and bring costs down, Mufti said. "I can be 100% confident that the current cost structure will be improved on dramatically".

Costs of making e-fuels could fall to between 0.70-1.33 euros per liter in 2050, according to lobby group eFuel Alliance.

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The Future of Revenues in Syria: Challenges and Opportunities for the Interim Government

A money changer conducts a transaction in US dollars and Syrian pounds for a client on a street in Damascus (AFP)
A money changer conducts a transaction in US dollars and Syrian pounds for a client on a street in Damascus (AFP)
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The Future of Revenues in Syria: Challenges and Opportunities for the Interim Government

A money changer conducts a transaction in US dollars and Syrian pounds for a client on a street in Damascus (AFP)
A money changer conducts a transaction in US dollars and Syrian pounds for a client on a street in Damascus (AFP)

Syria faces significant challenges as discussions intensify about the post-Bashar al-Assad era, particularly in securing the necessary revenues for the Syrian interim government to meet the country’s needs and ensure its sustainability. The widespread destruction of the economy and infrastructure poses a dual challenge: rebuilding the nation while stimulating economic activity and ensuring sufficient financial resources for governance.

Currently, the interim government relies heavily on international and regional support during the transitional phase. Donor countries are expected to provide financial and technical assistance to help rebuild institutions and alleviate the suffering of the Syrian people.

However, as the country transitions, external support alone will not suffice. The government must identify sustainable revenue sources, such as managing natural resources, imposing taxes, and encouraging foreign investments.

Opportunities from the Syrian Diaspora

The Syrian diaspora is seen as a significant economic resource, contributing through remittances or involvement in reconstruction projects. However, realizing these opportunities requires the establishment of strong, transparent institutions, effective resource management, and a clear strategic plan to rebuild trust with both local and international communities.

Securing revenues for the interim government is not merely a financial challenge but also a test of its ability to lead Syria toward stability and prosperity.

Securing Economic Resources

Nasser Zuhair, head of the Economic and Diplomatic Affairs Unit at the European Policy Organization, stated that the interim government, currently led by Mohammed al-Bashir, may replicate its revenue-generating models from Idlib. Resources in Idlib were drawn from temporary measures that are insufficient for sustaining a national economy like Syria’s.

In an interview with Asharq Al-Awsat, Zuhair explained that these resources included taxation, fuel trade with Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)-controlled areas, international aid for displaced persons in Idlib, remittances from the Syrian diaspora, and cross-border trade facilitated by Turkiye.

“The interim government believes that sanctions relief is a matter of months, after which it can begin to establish a sustainable economy. For now, it will rely on the same resources and strategies used in Idlib and other controlled areas,” Zuhair added.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the former regime’s reliance on illicit revenues, such as drug trafficking and Captagon production—estimated to account for 25% of government revenues—the interim government has several potential avenues for generating revenue.

International Aid

Zuhair emphasized that cross-border humanitarian aid indirectly supports local economies. “The current government understands that international and regional aid will be substantial in the coming period, particularly for refugee repatriation and infrastructure development,” he noted.

He added that efforts to secure funding from the Brussels Conference, which allocates about $7 billion annually to support Syria, will be critical. Strengthening ties with regional and European countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Germany, and the UK, is also a priority. However, securing such aid depends on establishing a political framework where Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) does not dominate governance.

He further noted that international and regional support will likely remain a key revenue source for the interim government, including humanitarian and developmental aid from organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank.

Taxes and Tariffs

Zuhair highlighted taxes and tariffs as essential components of the government’s revenue strategy. This includes taxing local economic activities, customs duties on cross-border trade, and fair taxes on merchants and industrialists in major cities like Damascus and Aleppo.

“The government can also impose income, corporate, and property taxes while improving border management to maximize revenue from customs and tariffs,” he added.

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Syria’s vast and fertile agricultural lands present an opportunity for revenue generation, Zuhair underlined, explaining that taxes on agricultural products could contribute to state income. However, this sector faces logistical challenges and high production costs. By directing the agricultural sector toward self-sufficiency, the government could reduce dependence on imports and create surplus revenue, he remarked.

Additionally, managing natural resources such as oil and gas could provide a significant revenue stream if the government gains control over resource-rich areas like northeastern Syria, the official noted.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction presents another potential revenue source. International companies could be encouraged to invest in rebuilding efforts in exchange for fees or taxes. Public-private partnerships with local and foreign firms in sectors such as infrastructure and housing could also generate significant funds.

Remittances from the Diaspora

Zuhair stressed the importance of remittances from Syrians abroad, estimating that these transfers could reach $2 billion annually by 2025. Encouraging the diaspora to send funds to support family members and rebuild properties will be a key priority for the government.

Domestic Investments

The interim government has shown its ability to attract domestic investments in real estate, industry, commerce, and agriculture, despite international sanctions. According to Zuhair, leveraging Türkiye as an international gateway, the government could expand this model across Syria, taking advantage of the challenging economic conditions left by the previous regime to draw reasonable investments in its first year.

Tourism and Small Businesses

Revitalizing the tourism sector could directly contribute to revenue, he added, noting that restoring historical and cultural sites, once security and stability are achieved, will attract visitors and generate income.

In addition, encouraging small and medium-sized enterprises will help revive the economy and create jobs, Zuhair emphasized, pointing that supporting manufacturing industries could provide a sustainable revenue stream.