The fall of Bashar Assad in Syria has led Iran-allied factions in neighboring Iraq to reconsider their push for US forces to exit the country, multiple Iraqi and American officials told The Associated Press.
The US and Iraq announced an agreement last year to wind down the military mission in Iraq of an American-led coalition fighting the ISIS group by September 2025, with US forces departing some bases where they have stationed troops during a two-decade-long military presence in the country.
Political and armed factions linked to Iran had been among the loudest voices calling for a US exit from Iraq — particularly after the Oct. 7, 2023 Hamas attack in southern Israel and Israel’s ensuing bombardment and ground invasion of Gaza.
In Iraq, as in much of the Arab world, US backing for Israel in a war that killed tens of thousands of civilians and displaced nearly Gaza’s entire population of 2.3 million was unpopular.
When the agreement was reached to end the coalition's mission in Iraq, Iraqi political leaders said the threat of ISIS was under control and they no longer needed Washington’s help to beat back the remaining cells.
But the fall of Assad in a lightning offensive led by opposition factions in December led some to reassess that stance, including members of the Coordination Framework, a coalition of mainly Shiite, Iran-allied political parties that brought current Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammad Shia al-Sudani to power in late 2022.
The fall of Assad — an ally of Iran — weakened Tehran's hand in the region, leaving allied groups in Iraq feeling vulnerable. Many in Iraq also fear that ISIS could take advantage of the security vacuum to stage a comeback while Syria's new leaders are still consolidating their control over the country and forming a national army.
“Most leaders of the Shiite Coordination Framework are in favor of keeping American forces in Iraq and will not want American forces to leave Iraq as a result of what happened in Syria,” said one official with the group. “They are afraid of ISIS exploiting the vacuum if the Americans leave Iraq and the situation in Iraq collapses.”
Multiple other Iraqi political and security officials gave similar assessments. They spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to comment publicly.
A high-ranking official in Iraq’s National Security Service said that in a meeting with the Iraqi government, his agency had made the argument that “it is not in Iraq’s interest to request the withdrawal of the US and the international coalition from Iraq at the present time.”
“The loud voices that were previously talking about the withdrawal of US forces from Iraq have decreased significantly,” he said. “I expect that there will be no withdrawal this year by the Americans.”
A senior US defense official, who also spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to comment publicly, said that since the fall of Assad in Syria, Iraqi government officials have asked “informally at the highest of levels” to delay the end of the mission in Iraq of an American-led coalition fighting ISIS and the withdrawal of US forces from Iraq.
He said the Iraqis were anxious that ISIS could take advantage of the chaos following Assad’s ouster — and of large stockpiles of weapons abandoned by the former Syrian army — to stage a comeback, which he described as a “valid concern.”
“ISIS is not imminently going to make a resurgence, but it certainly could,” he said.
The Iraqi government has not made any public statement about the possibility of extending the coalition’s mandate. Iraqi government spokesperson Bassim al-Awadi said Friday that the “time frames between Iraq and the international coalition have not changed” and that meetings between Iraq and coalition officials are ongoing.
While Iraqi would likely need to make a formal written request to extend the withdrawal timeline, al-Sudani might be reluctant to make the request publicly out of fear of being portrayed by domestic rivals as backing down after he had previously called for a US exit. The Iraqi government has attempted to maintain a delicate balance between its ties to Iran and to the United States.
Iraqi armed groups have also had a complicated relationship with US forces, with the same groups sometimes attacking them and on other occasions becoming allies of convenience in a fight against a common enemy.
The Popular Mobilization Forces, a coalition of primarily Shiite, Iran-backed armed groups, fought against ISIS beginning in 2014, when the militants rampaged across the country, seizing large swathes of territory.
Renad Mansour, a senior research fellow at the Chatham House think tank in London, said that while there wasn't “active coordination” between the US forces and PMF at the time “they were fighting the same war on the same side against the same enemy.”
During the war in Gaza, some of the groups that make up the PMF launched drone attacks on US bases in Iraq and Syria. They have not launched any attacks since the fall of Assad.
Mansour said that much of the anxiety in Iraq about the post-Assad future of Syria stems from Iraq’s own history. Many of the country's current leaders remember the chaotic years following the fall of Iraq’s former leader, Saddam Hussein, in a US-led invasion in 2003.
“If the argument for removing the US troops from Iraq was that the fight against ISIS was over and the region is stable, that calculation has changed following regime change in Syria,” he said. “The threat of ISIS in the context of an unstable and precarious Syria for the next few years is very real for the Coordination Framework and the government in Iraq.”
