Snap Inc. to Asharq Al-Awsat: Saudi Digital Spending Shifts Focus to Returns

Snap says advertising maturity depends on integrating strategy, creativity, activation, data and measurement into a single system. (Shutterstock)
Snap says advertising maturity depends on integrating strategy, creativity, activation, data and measurement into a single system. (Shutterstock)
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Snap Inc. to Asharq Al-Awsat: Saudi Digital Spending Shifts Focus to Returns

Snap says advertising maturity depends on integrating strategy, creativity, activation, data and measurement into a single system. (Shutterstock)
Snap says advertising maturity depends on integrating strategy, creativity, activation, data and measurement into a single system. (Shutterstock)

The Saudi Digital Advertising Maturity Framework, launched by Snap Inc. and Kearney, identifies an eight-percentage-point gap between growth in digital advertising spending and e-commerce growth in the kingdom, pointing to scope for more efficient investment and a clearer link to measurable business results.

The gap alone does not explain market performance. E-commerce is shaped by factors including sector dynamics, changing consumer behavior and the split between digital and traditional purchasing channels.

Abdullah Al-Hammadi, Snap Inc.’s general manager in Saudi Arabia, said the gap reflected a market moving beyond digital expansion into a more advanced phase focused on effectiveness and measurement.

“Higher spending alone does not automatically produce stronger business outcomes,” Al-Hammadi told Asharq Al-Awsat in an exclusive interview.

The challenge, he said, was no longer simply reaching consumers, but connecting strategy, content, consumer journey activation, data and measurement within one system.

From growth to effectiveness

Snap Inc. and Kearney developed the Saudi Digital Advertising Maturity Framework to help organizations assess how well they convert advertising investment into measurable business outcomes, rather than judging performance by spending alone.

The framework covers four areas: strategy; creativity and localization; consumer journey activation; and data and measurement.

Strength in one area does not offset weakness elsewhere. The focus is on how closely the four areas work together, from campaign planning to the final measurement of impact.

Al-Hammadi said the aim was not to slow digital investment, but to make it more effective.

“Saudi Arabia already has the digital infrastructure, consumer engagement and growth momentum,” he said.

“The next opportunity is to ensure advertisers have the maturity, local relevance and measurement discipline needed to turn that momentum into sustainable business outcomes.”

The central challenge, therefore, is not whether advertisers can reach consumers, but whether that reach changes awareness, consideration, purchase intent, engagement or sales.

Uneven levels of maturity

Advertisers in Saudi Arabia are not starting from the same point.

Large local companies typically have more resources, larger teams and stronger data capabilities than small and medium-sized businesses. Global brands entering the kingdom face a different challenge: understanding local consumers.

Government entities, startups and e-commerce platforms also have distinct needs.

The framework therefore does not identify a single weak point shared by all advertisers.

One organization may have a clear strategy but weak measurement. Another may produce locally relevant content without the data systems needed to show its commercial impact.

Al-Hammadi said two areas offered particularly clear room for improvement: activating the full consumer journey and integrating measurement.

Some organizations, he said, were still building the data capabilities, talent and tools needed to measure impact beyond the performance of an individual campaign.

That has become more important as digital platforms play a role across discovery, consideration, conversion and post-purchase engagement, rather than serving only as tools for brand awareness.

One connected system

Weak campaign results are rarely caused by one isolated problem.

The content may be strong, but the business objective is unclear. A campaign may reach a wide audience without being tied to stages of the consumer journey. An organization may collect large amounts of data but fail to identify what actually drove the result.

“Campaigns are more likely to deliver business outcomes when strategy, creativity, activation and measurement work together from the outset,” Al-Hammadi said.

When those functions operate separately, a company may generate strong reach, views or engagement but still struggle to explain what contributed to the final outcome or what should be expanded in future campaigns.

That requires measurement to begin before a campaign launches.

Organizations must first define the desired result, the indicators used to track it and the data needed to assess it.

This shifts marketing from a series of separate campaigns into a continuous system linking creative, technical and commercial decisions.

Beyond translation

More than 30% of Saudi consumers believe advertising lacks cultural relevance, according to the research.

The finding does not mean Saudi brands fail to understand their market. It reflects how quickly audience expectations are changing and how easily consumers recognize generic messages or campaigns adapted from other markets.

“Cultural relevance today goes beyond Arabic-language copy or local imagery,” Al-Hammadi said.

It also includes the creative concept, use of language, choice of content creators, platform experience, timing and the way audience response is measured.

Effective localization cannot be achieved by translating a global advertisement after it has already been developed.

An understanding of the Saudi market must shape the campaign from the strategy stage.

That includes communication styles, differences between age groups, cultural and social occasions, the platforms used by each audience and what feels natural or artificial in advertising.

“When relevance is designed across the entire marketing system, the work feels more natural to Saudi audiences and is more likely to translate into stronger business outcomes,” Al-Hammadi said.

The cross-channel effect

Traditional measurement models often credit the final channel used before a purchase.

Consumer behavior, however, rarely follows a straight line.

A consumer may discover a product on a social platform, search for it, watch reviews and visit a store or app before buying later.

According to Kantar’s 2025 cross-media analysis in Saudi Arabia, nearly 70% of platform-driven impact in some cases came from interaction between multiple channels, rather than from one platform acting alone.

The figure does not mean every campaign delivers the same result. It shows that a significant share of impact may come from the way channels reinforce one another.

The meaning of “impact” also depends on the campaign objective.

It may refer to stronger awareness, consideration or purchase intent. It may also include engagement, website or app activity, leads or purchases.

Measuring each platform in isolation may therefore undervalue earlier interactions that helped shape a consumer’s decision, even when they did not record the final conversion.

Start with one goal

For organizations at an early stage of marketing maturity, Al-Hammadi recommended focusing on one clear business objective over the next six months, rather than trying to fix every weakness at once.

The objective could be increasing digital sales, raising app usage, improving customer retention or converting more consumer interest into purchases.

Once that goal is set, the organization can identify whether the main weakness lies in content, the consumer journey, data or measurement.

“Success should not be measured by the number of campaigns launched, but by marketing’s ability to deliver meaningful business outcomes,” Al-Hammadi said.



Huawei Launches New Foldable Smartphone as Competition with Xiaomi, Apple Heats Up

The Huawei logo is seen in this illustration taken on January 29, 2025. (Reuters)
The Huawei logo is seen in this illustration taken on January 29, 2025. (Reuters)
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Huawei Launches New Foldable Smartphone as Competition with Xiaomi, Apple Heats Up

The Huawei logo is seen in this illustration taken on January 29, 2025. (Reuters)
The Huawei logo is seen in this illustration taken on January 29, 2025. (Reuters)

Huawei launched a new version of its flagship foldable smartphone on Monday as it seeks to defend its lead in the Chinese market for premium handsets against Apple and Xiaomi, both of which are also unveiling new products.

The new Mate XT2 folds out twice to open into a tablet-sized screen and ‌features Huawei's ‌new Kirin 9050 Pro chip.

Huawei ‌says ⁠the chip's design ⁠allows it to deliver more computing power while using less electricity, helping the company overcome US restrictions on access to advanced technology.

Xiaomi launches a rival foldable phone later on Monday, while Apple unveils its latest ⁠iPhone series on Wednesday, with expectations ‌high that it ‌too will be unveiling a foldable phone.

The Mate XT2 ‌features a redesigned folding mechanism, improved water ‌resistance as well as an optional screen that prevents people nearby from seeing what is displayed. It also has upgraded cameras and delivers ‌42% better overall performance than its predecessor, based on company tests.

Huawei, which ⁠does ⁠not sell in the US due to sanctions, leads China's smartphone market with a 22.6% share in the second quarter, ahead of Apple's 18.1%, according to consultancy IDC. Xiaomi has 12.4% of the market.

Huawei is even more dominant in folding phones, accounting for 68% of shipments in China in the second quarter, according to Smart Analytics Global, a US-based research company.


AI Data Centers Are Less Thirsty Now, Tech Giants Say

 A drone view shows construction underway on Microsoft's ATL11 data center in Union City, Georgia, US, September 1, 2026. (Reuters)
A drone view shows construction underway on Microsoft's ATL11 data center in Union City, Georgia, US, September 1, 2026. (Reuters)
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AI Data Centers Are Less Thirsty Now, Tech Giants Say

 A drone view shows construction underway on Microsoft's ATL11 data center in Union City, Georgia, US, September 1, 2026. (Reuters)
A drone view shows construction underway on Microsoft's ATL11 data center in Union City, Georgia, US, September 1, 2026. (Reuters)

Data centers are running into a wall of public anger in the United States over their thirst for water and power.

The tech giants spending billions of dollars on them say the water part, at least, is solvable.

Data centers are the warehouses full of computer servers that run the internet and increasingly artificial intelligence.

The computers get hot, and keeping them cool takes water.

American chip giant Nvidia said in a June report that it can eliminate water consumption almost entirely at some facilities when deploying DSX, its newest system for designing and managing AI data centers.

It's a bold claim, and one the industry is under mounting pressure to make good on.

In 2025, data centers consumed 222 billion liters (59 billion gallons) of water worldwide for cooling, according to consultancy Rystad Energy.

Without adaptive measures, the figure could nearly triple to 644 billion liters by 2030, Rystad estimates. Steps to limit the growth could keep it under double.

Nvidia's new method uses a closed-loop cooling system in which liquid flows directly through the servers, as close as possible to the chips, whose temperature can rise above 80C (176F).

The problem is that "there's a pretty direct trade-off between how much water is used and how much energy is used" for temperature control, said Andy Masley, an independent researcher who covers AI and data centers.

Cutting back on water use usually means more power as the liquid in those sealed pipes still has to be cooled down somehow, usually by blowing air over it -- and that takes electricity.

Nvidia gets around some of this by letting the liquid enter the servers warmer than usual, at 45C.

Most other closed-loop systems ran at about 32C in 2024, according to the Uptime Institute, which certifies data centers.

By starting with warmer water, Nvidia does not need to pump in cooled air year-round.

"Simple fans circulating the air" are often enough, though sometimes a mix of methods is needed, said Josh Parker, Nvidia's head of sustainability.

At sites in extreme climates, or during a heatwave, chill airflow or water evaporation is still necessary.

- Public relations -

Microsoft, Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Meta told AFP that they also use closed-loop systems, which they said involve no net water loss.

The two cloud computing giants, which have been expanding their already huge data center footprints, used more water overall between 2022 and 2025, but their water use efficiency improved by 25 percent at Microsoft and 37 percent at AWS, according to their most recent sustainability reports.

There is no industry-wide consistency, however, in how companies report data on so-called environmental, social and governance (ESG) efforts.

Elon Musk's SpaceX, now a major player in data centers after it acquired his artificial intelligence company xAI, has never published an ESG report.

In June, ratings agency MSCI gave SpaceX its lowest ESG score.

"Because water is generally much cheaper than electricity," companies have less incentive to cut water use on cost grounds alone, said Shaolei Ren, an engineering professor at the University of California, Riverside.

"There are incentives," Ren said, but they have more to do with public relations amid the growing backlash to data centers across the United States.

Another obstacle is that upgrading an older data center to newer, less thirsty technology is expensive.

That may matter less than it sounds.

Older data centers are smaller and less powerful than the enormous new ones being built now, so they need less cooling in the first place, said Minh K. Le, who leads data center and hydrogen research at Rystad.

And the water a data center uses directly is only part of the story.

Water is used to generate the electricity that powers the data center, and to manufacture its chips and servers.

In the United States, that hidden water use can be twice the amount a data center consumes on its own.


From Dance Floor to War: China Readies Humanoid Robots for Combat

A UBTech humanoid robot, Walker S, picks up an object operated by a staff member, during a demonstration simulating a factory's assembly line, at the robotics exhibition center Robot World, during an organized media tour to the Beijing Robotics Industrial Park, in Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, also known as Beijing E-Town, in China May 16, 2025. (Reuters)
A UBTech humanoid robot, Walker S, picks up an object operated by a staff member, during a demonstration simulating a factory's assembly line, at the robotics exhibition center Robot World, during an organized media tour to the Beijing Robotics Industrial Park, in Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, also known as Beijing E-Town, in China May 16, 2025. (Reuters)
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From Dance Floor to War: China Readies Humanoid Robots for Combat

A UBTech humanoid robot, Walker S, picks up an object operated by a staff member, during a demonstration simulating a factory's assembly line, at the robotics exhibition center Robot World, during an organized media tour to the Beijing Robotics Industrial Park, in Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, also known as Beijing E-Town, in China May 16, 2025. (Reuters)
A UBTech humanoid robot, Walker S, picks up an object operated by a staff member, during a demonstration simulating a factory's assembly line, at the robotics exhibition center Robot World, during an organized media tour to the Beijing Robotics Industrial Park, in Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, also known as Beijing E-Town, in China May 16, 2025. (Reuters)

At the World Humanoid Robot Games in China last month, robots jumped, boxed and danced. Some fleet-footed bots ran faster than Usain Bolt over 100 meters. Spectators cheered the machines’ improving capabilities and their meme-worthy stumbles.

Two days after the Games ended, the People's Liberation Army's official newspaper drew its own conclusions from the show. The PLA Daily called for researchers to accelerate the transfer of cutting-edge technologies from laboratories to military training grounds for robotic "combatants."

China's defense establishment is accelerating research into humanoids’ military uses and planning for their eventual wartime deployment, according to a Reuters review of more than 100 Chinese military procurement notices, academic studies, patents, official publications, government records and defense-company materials.

Military institutions are testing humanoids against battlefield requirements, seeking to acquire robots and technologies to train them, and studying how they might function alongside troops, the previously unreported records show. The work gained momentum in 2025 and 2026, focusing on robot perception, manipulation, and training data.

Chinese manufacturers accounted for about 95% of global humanoid shipments in 2025, according to BofA Global Research. That commercial dominance gives the PLA access to an expanding industry while developing its own military applications.

China’s robot defense research underscores how rapidly military technologies are evolving globally. In the Russia-Ukraine war, semiautonomous drones that use artificial intelligence for navigation and targeting have transformed reconnaissance and attack, while robots carry supplies and retrieve casualties. Reuters has previously documented the Chinese military’s efforts to learn from Europe’s deadliest conflict since World War II.

That evolution is driving worldwide military interest in autonomous systems.

"Going where we don’t want humans to go is one of the most compelling reasons to develop robots in the first place," said Dennis Hong, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at UCLA. "If losing a robot means avoiding the loss of a human life, then the robot can become expendable."

China's defense ministry and the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), the PLA’s premier research institution, ‌didn’t respond to requests ‌for comment about humanoid robots’ military applications.

Reuters found no evidence that China has deployed an armed humanoid with an operational PLA unit. The robots remain energy-intensive ‌and unreliable ⁠outside controlled demonstrations. Battlefield ⁠environments pose many variables and challenge robots’ abilities in unpredictable ways, said Aaron Johnson, a professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie Mellon University.

URBAN ASSAULT FORCE

Already, China has a vision for humanoid robots in urban warfare.

Six "combat robots" – humanoids, robot dogs or unmanned vehicles – would be split up between two assault teams. Working with ground troops, the robots would clear an enemy-occupied building, floor-by-floor and room-by-room.

That scenario was described in an August 2025 paper by researchers at NUDT’s test center in Xi’an. The study modeled an urban assault force using equipment the authors projected could be available within five to 10 years. It didn’t specify the robots’ rules of engagement, the weapons they would carry, nor how they would handle civilian encounters.

Improvements in balance, perception and endurance could make humanoids useful in places including buildings, tunnels and ship interiors, said Juo-Min Chou, a researcher at Taiwan's Institute for National Defense and Security Research. "Their two hands and two feet could, in theory, combine mobility, climbing and manipulation," she said.

For simpler reconnaissance or logistics missions, however, quadruped, tracked or wheeled robots would generally be cheaper and easier to deploy at scale, Chou added.

Chinese military commentary envisions an expanding range of roles for humanoids. A July 2025 article in PLA Daily argued that humanoid ⁠missions could eventually evolve "from supporting combat toward primary combat" and discussed how robots might be authorized to fire on a living target that had been verified ‌by a human.

In December, the PLA Eastern Theater Command released an AI-generated montage that showed military robots, including humanoids and quadrupeds, overwhelming Taiwan's defenses in a hypothetical ‌future conflict.

China isn’t alone in exploring battlefield uses for humanoids. Last year, the US Army launched a competition to develop "militarized humanoid capabilities" that could eventually work alongside soldiers. The Army said potential roles included reconnaissance, security, obstacle clearing, hazardous-material operations and offensive ‌and defensive missions in urban terrain.

Up to 10 finalists were due to test their systems with US military experts this year, with as much as $1.25 million available for follow-on contracts.

The US robotics industry, however, trails ‌far behind China in developing two-legged and four-legged machines. Reuters reported last month that China’s Unitree robots – among the world’s leading producers of humanoids and quadrupeds – based designs for its best-selling robot dogs on innovations financed by the US military.

The Pentagon and the US Army didn’t comment for this story.

INFILTRATING ENEMY LINES

Chinese interest in humanoid robots’ military applications began to pick up in 2024. That year, NUDT and China’s Academy of Military Sciences hosted a defense-technology forum that included a session on military applications for humanoid systems, according to NUDT’s website. Neither institution responded to Reuters’ questions.

A year later, NUDT explicitly framed humanoid robots as battlefield tools. A university competition in June 2025 featured an event that simulated "infiltration behind enemy lines," requiring robots to enter an area, map it and locate targets, ‌according to its website. Another envisioned robots conducting identity checks, discipline inspections and security patrols at military bases.

The military-research university described the competition in part as a proving ground for humanoids to eventually "move toward the battlefield."

Procurement records around that time reflected that ultimate goal.

In May 2025, the PLA issued a tender to ⁠purchase a humanoid robot, including installation and technical training. Four months ⁠later, a procurement notice that listed an NUDT email as its contact address sought an "embodied humanoid robot intelligent perception and dexterous operation system."

The records contained few specifics. Reuters couldn’t determine whether the tenders were filled, and if so, which companies won or which robot models were supplied.

In June this year, the PLA budgeted about $300,000 for a system to collect and label camera, radar and motion data for humanoids, including information about terrain they could traverse, according to another military procurement document.

The specifications show Chinese military interest is extending from robot bodies into the perception, manipulation and training systems that defense scholars say are essential for humanoids to move beyond controlled demonstrations.

REMOTE OPERATION

By 2026, humanoid development had spread beyond military academia into China's defense industry.

The Fuxi robot made by Norinco, a state-owned defense conglomerate, is one example. Company materials published in August described the full-size humanoid as capable of sentry duty, all-weather reconnaissance, intelligent patrol and fulfilling dangerous roles.

Fuxi can be paired with Norinco’s teleoperation system, which allows a human operator to control a humanoid remotely, according to the company. Removing the need for a robot to make all decisions autonomously would address what many robotics experts say is the biggest challenge with humanoids.

Norinco didn’t respond to a request for comment.

Malcolm Davis, a senior analyst at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, said he didn’t see humanoid robots as practical battlefield systems at present. "But in five to 10 years," he said, "they could very well be."

Even if remotely operated today, humanoid systems designed for autonomous deployment would eventually need to navigate ethical dilemmas. The laws of war require forces to distinguish combatants from civilians and to refrain from attacking wounded or surrendering fighters.

The International Committee of the Red Cross has cautioned that autonomous weapons may struggle to interpret signs of surrender reliably because such judgments can depend on context, conduct and intent.

The US military requires autonomous weapons to undergo legal review and realistic testing and for commanders and operators to exercise appropriate judgment over the use of force. China’s defense ministry said in March that AI-powered weapons should remain under human control.

Those concerns haven’t deterred China's exploration of humanoids’ military uses.

Wang Yonghua, a researcher at China’s Academy of Military Sciences, wrote in a November commentary that humanoids face unresolved problems in movement, perception and intelligence. Technical breakthroughs, lower manufacturing costs and industrial-scale production would be needed for humanoids to become widespread military systems.

If those conditions are met, Wang wrote, "humanoid robots will stream onto the battlefield."