Scientists Find Yeast in Ancient Iceman's Guts -- and Make Bread

(FILES) A statue representing an iceman named Oetzi. (Photo by Andrea Solero / AFP)
(FILES) A statue representing an iceman named Oetzi. (Photo by Andrea Solero / AFP)
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Scientists Find Yeast in Ancient Iceman's Guts -- and Make Bread

(FILES) A statue representing an iceman named Oetzi. (Photo by Andrea Solero / AFP)
(FILES) A statue representing an iceman named Oetzi. (Photo by Andrea Solero / AFP)

Yeast has been growing in the guts of a frozen mummy called Oetzi the Iceman for thousands of years, scientists have discovered, telling AFP they used it to make a tasty sourdough bread.

More than 5,300 years ago -- before the Egyptian pyramids were built -- Oezti was strolling through the Alps on the border of Austria and Italy when he was killed by an arrow in the back.

He remained frozen in the ice until two German hikers stumbled across his mummified remains in 1991 in the northern Italian region of South Tyrol.

Since then, his stunningly well-preserved remains have been kept at the same temperature -- minus six degrees Celsius -- as his icy tomb.

This has allowed scientists to carefully study Oetzi, who offers an incredibly rare window into ancient human life.

For the latest research, published in the Microbiome journal on Wednesday, an Italy-based team found evidence that both ancient and modern microbial life remain active in the frozen body.

"What we didn't expect to find was yeast," lead study author Mohamed Sarhan of the Eurac Research institute in the Italian city of Bolzano told AFP.

The scientists discovered four different yeasts that can survive sub-zero temperatures in Oetzi's guts, skin and "brownish" water that melted off his body when he was partially unfrozen.

These kinds of yeast only live in very cold conditions such as Antarctica, so are believed to have entered Oetzi's body at some point after he died.

Genetic analysis revealed "DNA damage levels very comparable to the original microbes" in the Iceman's guts, suggesting the yeast entered his body soon after death, Sarhan said.

"These yeasts have accompanied Oetzi on his long journey through the millennia," study co-author Frank Maixner said in a statement.

The scientists then reproduced the gut yeast in a fridge.

"If you tell anyone you have yeast, they immediately ask: can we use it for bread?" Sarhan said.

So they tried to make a sourdough loaf.

"Initially it didn't work," the microbiologist admitted.

But after three months of effort "we had a very, very good sourdough," Sarhan said with a laugh.

The study contained more serious possible uses for the yeast.

When the mummy was found in 1991, it was initially treated as a normal cadaver. A chemical called phenol was used to stop fungus from growing in the body.

However, the strange yeast was able to eat the phenol, meaning that in the future it could help break down the chemical in contaminated environments, the scientists said.

The yeast was not the only surprising discovery in Oetzi's body.

An analysis of his microbiome revealed a particular kind of a gut bacteria that is almost non-existent among modern humans.

Though gone from the stomachs of people in the industrialized world, the bacteria has been detected among tribes in Africa and South America, Sarhan said.

It has also been found in 3,000-year-old feces preserved in a salt mine in Hallstatt, Austria -- which serves as one of the only other available views into the ancient human microbiome.

Oetzi and these Bronze Age salt miners ate more fiber and whole grain than modern-day people, Sarhan explained.

The study said it "reveals that the Iceman is not a biologically 'frozen' time-capsule but rather a complex ecosystem.”

It is too early to say whether the yeast is harming the mummy, Sarhan said, calling for more research.

Nikolay Oskolkov, a researcher at the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis not involved in the study, told AFP it was interesting that "the Iceman's microbiome is not 'frozen'.”

However Oskolkov, who previously discovered ancient fungus in the mummy's guts, cautioned that the yeast samples were only taken in 2010 and 2019.

This provides "very little evidence that the yeasts have been multiplying over millennia," he said, adding that he believed they were "relatively recent colonists of the mummy's body.”



Musical Therapy: Classical Concerts in New York for Dementia Sufferers

Attendees participate in New York's 'Lincoln Center Moments,' a performance-based program created for people living with dementia and their caregivers. ANGELA WEISS / AFP
Attendees participate in New York's 'Lincoln Center Moments,' a performance-based program created for people living with dementia and their caregivers. ANGELA WEISS / AFP
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Musical Therapy: Classical Concerts in New York for Dementia Sufferers

Attendees participate in New York's 'Lincoln Center Moments,' a performance-based program created for people living with dementia and their caregivers. ANGELA WEISS / AFP
Attendees participate in New York's 'Lincoln Center Moments,' a performance-based program created for people living with dementia and their caregivers. ANGELA WEISS / AFP

In his early sixties, Rob Kaufman suffered a medical emergency that caused him to faint and hit his head on a wood floor, resulting in a traumatic brain injury.

He was put in a medically induced coma, his wife Ellen recounted to AFP, and was in intensive care for about a month. Nine weeks of extensive rehabilitation including speech therapy followed, and today he experiences significant short-term memory loss.

Music therapy proved invaluable in the rehab of the onetime studio musician who said he has played for the likes of Jimi Hendrix.

And today, the Kaufmans are regulars at a Manhattan concert program designed for individuals experiencing dementia symptoms.

The couple recently attended a 10th anniversary performance of the program that featured the Calidore String Quartet.

The musicians closed out the spring season to a packed house of some 100 people.

One audience member closed her eyes and mimed conducting as the artists played Mozart, while another tapped her caregiver's arm as if there were piano keys.

Lincoln Center, the famed arts complex on New York's Upper West Side, began the series "out of a need," said Miranda Hoffner, the insitution's accessibility director.

"We were hearing more and more from our subscribers at the Philharmonic and the Chamber Music Society that they weren't renewing their subscriptions because of dementia, as their family members were impacted," she told AFP.

"That was an audience that has really supported us for, in some cases, decades," she continued.

"We felt a responsibility to fill that gap."

- Aging population -

Dementia is an umbrella term for debilitating symptoms that can result in memory loss and impair movement and daily life.

Alzheimer's disease accounts for the majority of cases, but a range of risk factors and conditions can trigger it.

According to the World Health Organization, as of 2021 some 57 million people had dementia globally, with about 10 million new cases each year. The condition is progressive, and there is no cure.

Cases are rising in part because the Boomer generation -- people born during the post-World War II population surge -- have reached their senior years and generally are living longer than previous generations.

That means they're experiencing more of the chronic illnesses and health issues that can accompany old age.

Among them is dementia, said Emily Finkelstein, a geriatrics provider at the New York-Presbyterian medical center.

And especially in the United States -- with its expensive, sprawling healthcare system -- the broader social structures to care for this growing population of people with dementia is lacking, the doctor told AFP.

"It's a huge issue," she said.

Finkelstein pointed to copious data supporting the value of art, music and dance therapy for people with cognitive impairment.

But in the US, such programs are localized and for many people difficult to access.

"We don't have a national health program. It's much more cumbersome to streamline these types of programs, even though we know they're beneficial," Finkelstein said.

- 'Age in place' -

At Lincoln Center, the programming geared towards audience members with dementia and their caregivers is free.

An Alzheimer's caregiver support nonprofit has trained staff on how best to accommodate audiences and develop accessible shows by world-class artists.

"You will see people holding hands, you will see people tapping their feet, you will see people vocally participating in the music," Hoffner said.

Concerts are less formal and subdued than traditional classical music performances and are followed by workshops led by music therapists and teaching artists to encourage participation and imaginative engagement.

Hoffner said part of the goal is providing resources for seniors to "age in place" despite living in a famously chaotic city.

For one-time math and science teacher Rob Kaufman, now 73, the concerts have provided a means to, as his wife puts it, "come out of his shell."

"All of us are different than almost everybody else out there, so when we're in a community like this, we get to be different, and everybody's accepting," he said.

Ellen Kaufman said when she was first navigating her husband's new reality, there were less programs available.

"It means a lot for us to have this," she said. "For everyone here, it's not easy. I see what my friends are going through. They're watching their husbands change."

"But they do this with them -- they come out with them, and they're part of it."


Shark Attack Pushes Australian State to Review Drone Curbs

FILE PHOTO: Lifeguards erect a sign that says "Beach Closed" following a shark attack at Coogee Beach in Sydney, Australia, June 13, 2026. REUTERS/Hollie Adams/File Photo
FILE PHOTO: Lifeguards erect a sign that says "Beach Closed" following a shark attack at Coogee Beach in Sydney, Australia, June 13, 2026. REUTERS/Hollie Adams/File Photo
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Shark Attack Pushes Australian State to Review Drone Curbs

FILE PHOTO: Lifeguards erect a sign that says "Beach Closed" following a shark attack at Coogee Beach in Sydney, Australia, June 13, 2026. REUTERS/Hollie Adams/File Photo
FILE PHOTO: Lifeguards erect a sign that says "Beach Closed" following a shark attack at Coogee Beach in Sydney, Australia, June 13, 2026. REUTERS/Hollie Adams/File Photo

Restrictions on drones flying over Australia's Coogee Beach will be reviewed by a regulator so rescuers in New South Wales state can monitor for sharks, after an attack on Saturday left a woman critically injured in the hospital.

Emergency services were called to Coogee Beach in eastern Sydney on Saturday morning following reports that a 35-year-old woman had been bitten by a large shark about 30 meters (100 feet) from the shore.

The woman was in a critical but stable condition at St Vincent's Hospital on Sunday, a spokesperson told Reuters, after she sustained serious injuries to her lower left leg and arms.

Coogee Beach and others ⁠in the city's ⁠Randwick Council area were closed for 24 hours following the attack. Drones flew overhead under emergency provisions to scan for sharks.

"It's been a really tough summer of shark activity and shark attacks in Sydney and it's something that the NSW government is taking really, really seriously," said Tara Moriarty, New South Wales state's minister for agriculture. Moriarty said the government would consider fresh measures to keep swimmers safe ⁠from shark attacks, including using drones and other technology.

Australian lifesavers use drones to help watch for sharks, but Coogee Beach has had restrictions covering commercial drone use because it sits under the flight path of Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport.

After the attack, a spokesman for the Civil Aviation Safety Authority said in a statement that it would look at adapting the current rules.

Paddleboard champion and off-duty lifeguard Charlie Verco, 25, who rescued the woman and brought her to shore, told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that he was "very scared" when he saw the three-to-four-meter shark near a group of swimmers.

"I just looked at the beach, tried to signal ⁠to the lifeguards, ⁠a big code X, to get them to understand how it was going on out there, clear the water if they could, and get the power craft out there," he said.

"She ended up getting taken underwater for a second. I couldn't see where she was because it was all red. And luckily, she popped up and shark had let her go and I was able to get close enough to bring her into shore."

There, they were met by lifeguards, police and medical experts, after which the woman was taken by ambulance to the hospital.

Australia has seen a spate of shark attacks this year.

Most shark attacks occur along the east and southeast seaboard of Australia, which averages around 20 such incidents a year, according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.


French Chef Gets 'Beautiful Revenge' After Unjust Michelin Star Loss

Guy Savoy, the first chef to join the Academy of Fine Arts (The New York Times)
Guy Savoy, the first chef to join the Academy of Fine Arts (The New York Times)
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French Chef Gets 'Beautiful Revenge' After Unjust Michelin Star Loss

Guy Savoy, the first chef to join the Academy of Fine Arts (The New York Times)
Guy Savoy, the first chef to join the Academy of Fine Arts (The New York Times)

Paris: Elaine Sciolino

Guy Savoy, who worked his way up from modest beginnings and a recent setback, has become the first chef inducted into the prestigious Académie des Beaux-Arts.

One of France’s premier chefs, he accompanied two French presidents on formal visits to the White House.

He was given the Légion d’Honneur, the highest award of the French state, for his contributions to the nation’s gastronomy. He has written and co-written several books, most recently, a two-volume collection of French literary figures on food — with recipes. His signature Paris restaurant, Guy Savoy, has welcomed dignitaries and celebrities for more than four decades.

But on Wednesday, he snagged an honor that may top all others. He became the first chef in the 110-year history of one of France’s loftiest cultural institutions, the Académie des Beaux-Arts, to be welcomed into its ranks of artists, composers and other creative professionals.

At a formal ceremony in its gilded-domed headquarters at the Institut de France, Savoy was presented a long ritual saber he had designed himself. Blinking back tears, he held it high over his head, to a standing ovation and shouts of “Bravo!”

“So here I am, an artisan, and perhaps an artist thanks to my election,” he told the hundreds in attendance. The award, he added, also belongs to “all the artisans who contribute to gastronomy, to the land of France, to the art of food and wine, to graciousness, to the art of hosting, in short, the art of living well the French way.”

The Académie’s decision to admit him is especially sweet for Savoy, who made headlines in 2023 when the Michelin Guide removed one of the three stars his restaurant had held for 21 years.

“It was a real scandal, so shameful and not at all justified,” Laurent Petitgirard, the Académie’s permanent secretary, said in an interview. “Guy Savoy’s welcome into the Académie is the most beautiful revenge.”

The Académie des Beaux-Arts is one of five academies that reside in the Institut de France, led by the royal Académie Française founded under Louis XIV. Among the Académie des Beaux-Arts’ more than 60 members — called “immortals” — are painters, sculptors, architects, photographers, choreographers, musicians and film and museum directors.

In recent years, the organization has sought to shed its reputation as a stuffy state institution for old and safe artists, opening its doors to younger members, including Jean-Michel Othoniel, an artist who works in glass, and Catherine Meurisse, an illustrator and regular contributor to the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo. (A more controversial member is Roman Polanski, the filmmaker who fled the United States to his native France in 1978 after pleading guilty to unlawful sex with a minor.)

The inclusion of a chef, even in a country where gastronomy has historically been a sort of state religion, represents a tectonic cultural shift. The ballot to join the Académie is secret, and not all its members were delighted to welcome a culinary figure, Petitgirard said in his interview. But Savoy won on the first round, unlike the painter Eugène Delacroix and the composer Hector Berlioz, who were rejected several times.

Savoy, 72, is one of the last of a generation of French chefs dedicated to the art and craft of turning foods into perfect objects of desire. His cuisine belongs to an era of long meals, grand dining rooms, orchestrated service, luxury ingredients and abundant time.

Eating habits in France have changed. Takeout services that took off during Covid continue to expand. With the French economy suffering, fast-food consumption has soared.

Savoy comes from a modest background. His mother, Léonie, opened a buvette, a small bar and informal restaurant attached to their family home in Bourgoin-Jallieu, not far from Lyon.

His Swiss-born father, Louis, was the town gardener, and grew the fruits and vegetables for the restaurant.

Savoy credits his mother for teaching him how to transform simple ingredients into culinary artistry. Working alongside her, he has said, he discovered the driving force behind his own cooking: “Pleasure.”

Mocked at school when he expressed interest in cooking, he left at 15 to become an apprentice to a local chocolate maker.

After training as an apprentice with the Troisgros brothers, he worked in various restaurants, learning classic French cuisine. In 1980, at age 27, he struck out on his own in Paris with the restaurant that holds his name today. The restaurant moved in 2015 into a grand 4,300-square-foot top-floor space in the building that houses the Monnaie de Paris, the French mint.

For the last nine years, Guy Savoy has been named the world’s No. 1 restaurant by La Liste, a restaurant guide that aggregates scores from hundreds of gastronomic guides, websites and press reviews. Savoy prides himself on being present there just about every day, greeting all his guests as if they were old friends.

For the Wednesday ceremony, Savoy shed his starched, double-breasted chef’s whites and donned a custom-made version of the Académie’s embroidered uniform that he designed with Laure de Sagazan, who is best known for her wedding dresses.

The saber he designed has a bronze hilt shaped to resemble large artichoke leaves, symbolizing his favorite vegetable and his signature dish: an artichoke soup with black truffle and Parmesan, served with a toasted mushroom brioche slicked in truffle butter.

His lifetime motto was engraved into the sword: “Cuisine is the art of instantly transforming products steeped in history into joy.” So were the first names of his parents, his two children and his seven grandchildren.

“Your humanism and life experience are a great source of learning for us, making us feel as though you have always been with us,” Petitgirard, a composer and conductor, said in introducing him. Comparing Savoy to a composer, performer and soloist, he added, “You are going from the status of indispensable to that of immortal.”

In his speech, Savoy paid tribute to Michel David-Weill, an investment banker and scion of the Lazard banking dynasty, who had previously occupied the seat that is now Savoy’s — an assigned place in the “free section” reserved for academicians who don’t fit into more classical artistic categories.

David-Weill, who died in 2022 at age 89, was one of Europe’s most important art collectors, a major donor and trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and chairman of France’s official art acquisition committee.

Like David-Weill, Savoy is a passionate art collector, but on a much smaller scale. His restaurant is filled with contemporary works by artists like Fabrice Hyber, Adel Abdessemed and Pierre et Gilles, and African and Asian sculptures.

“It’s marvelous that a chef takes the seat held by my husband,” said David-Weill’s widow, Hélène. “Both sought the same perfection — one from food, the other from art.”

At an outdoor reception after the ceremony, Savoy set up food stations under white umbrellas around the courtyard so his staff could serve many of his favorite creations. Much of the talk was about the creativity and refinement of the food — a terrine made with 13 different meats, and a fowl suprême with foie gras and artichoke.

“Iced poached oysters in gelatin!” exclaimed Emmanuel Guibert, a graphic novelist and Académie member. “I’ve never eaten an oyster so sublime. Try them, try them!”

The most popular food station was the one serving Savoy’s famous artichoke soup. Guests waiting in line joked that in honor of Savoy — at least for the day — the Académie des Beaux-Arts should be renamed the Académie des Beaux-Artichauts, the Academy of Beautiful Artichokes.

Jean-Robert Pitte, an Académie member and geographer whose expertise is the French countryside, said he had long been pushing to have Savoy admitted into the Académie. He said he stepped up his campaign after the two of them conceived the project that in 2010 led to UNESCO’s recognition of the French mealtime tradition as part of the world’s Intangible Cultural Heritage.

“I have been waiting 15 years for this day,” Pitte said. “They kept telling me that they didn’t want a chef, because a chef wasn’t an artist. They said that eating and drinking was vulgar not an art. Finally it happened. And it’s a great day.”

The New York Times