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Ezzedine al-Haddad: The Last Surviving Hamas Commander of Oct. 7 Attack

Palestinians in Khan Younis atop an Israeli military vehicle seized during the “al-Aqsa Flood” operation on October 7 (dpa)
Palestinians in Khan Younis atop an Israeli military vehicle seized during the “al-Aqsa Flood” operation on October 7 (dpa)
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Ezzedine al-Haddad: The Last Surviving Hamas Commander of Oct. 7 Attack

Palestinians in Khan Younis atop an Israeli military vehicle seized during the “al-Aqsa Flood” operation on October 7 (dpa)
Palestinians in Khan Younis atop an Israeli military vehicle seized during the “al-Aqsa Flood” operation on October 7 (dpa)

With Hamas’ confirmation of the death of Mohammed al-Sinwar, the most senior field commander of its armed wing, the al-Qassam Brigades, only one prominent figure remains from the group of leaders who planned and oversaw the October 7, 2023 attack on Israel: Ezzedine al-Haddad, the commander of the Gaza City Brigade. He, too, is now at the top of Israel’s most wanted list.

Over the course of the war in Gaza, Israel has assassinated al-Qassam’s supreme commander Mohammed Deif, field commander Mohammed al-Sinwar, and Marwan Issa, Deif’s deputy.

At the brigade level, Israel has also killed Ahmed al-Ghandour, commander of the north; Ayman Nowfal, commander of the central brigade; Rafi Salama, commander of Khan Younis; and Mohammed Shabaneh, commander of Rafah. Together with al-Haddad, these men had formed al-Qassam’s small military council. Today, al-Haddad is regarded as the last surviving figure directly tied to October 7.

Israeli security analyst Avi Ashkenazi wrote in Maariv that al-Haddad now tops what he called Israel’s “October 7 revenge list.” Other Hamas leaders remain on Israel’s radar, but they are based outside Gaza.

Born in Gaza in 1970, al-Haddad - known by his nom de guerre Abu Sohaib - joined Hamas upon its founding in 1987 and immediately enlisted in the al-Qassam Brigades. He rose through the ranks from a rank-and-file fighter to unit commander, then battalion commander, and eventually became commander of the Gaza Brigade in 2021 after his predecessor Bassem Issa was assassinated.

In addition to his military role, al-Haddad once served in Hamas’ internal security agency, which hunts down alleged collaborators with Israel.

Israeli media have long referred to him as the “Ghost of al-Qassam” for repeatedly escaping targeted killings. Israel has attempted to assassinate him several times, bombing his home during past wars, and in November 2023 offered a $750,000 reward for information leading to him.

Earlier this year, Israeli strikes killed his eldest son, Sohaib, in Gaza City, and later another of his sons. Al-Haddad did not appear at their funerals.

Intelligence reports suggest al-Haddad played a central role in directing the October 7 attack alongside a handful of surviving commanders. Before that, he oversaw the development of the locally made “Yassin 105” rockets and pushed for mass production.

He briefly appeared in video recordings during a ceasefire in Gaza, declaring certain victory for the resistance, before vanishing again once the fighting resumed. In July, the Israeli military released images it claimed showed him in disguise. Within Hamas, supporters describe him as “the fox of the brigades.”

According to reports in the Wall Street Journal and Israeli outlets, al-Haddad is highly skilled in concealment, fluent in Hebrew, and adept at evading Israeli intelligence.

Israeli media, citing intelligence sources, reported that just hours before the October 7 assault, al-Haddad gathered his sub-commanders and handed them a printed statement on al-Qassam letterhead.

It read: “Believing in decisive victory, the brigade leadership has approved the launch of the great military operation al-Aqsa Flood. Trust in God, fight with courage, and act with a clear conscience.”

One Israeli hostage, later released, told reporters he had met al-Haddad five times in Gaza, even staying in the same apartment as him. According to the hostage, al-Haddad declared: “I am responsible for all the captives.”

The hostage also recounted that al-Haddad asked how the prisoners perceived their treatment. When told that some guards were kinder than others, al-Haddad replied: “That is life. There are good people, and there are bad people.”

After confirming al-Sinwar’s death in May, Israeli Defense Minister Yisrael Katz issued a warning to Hamas leaders both inside and outside Gaza: “Ezzedine al-Haddad in Gaza, Khalil al-Hayya abroad, and all their partners in crime - you are next.”

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Arab World

New Hamas Security Measures amid Fears of Overseas Assassinations

The building damaged in the Israeli strike on Hamas leaders in Doha last September (Reuters)
The building damaged in the Israeli strike on Hamas leaders in Doha last September (Reuters)
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New Hamas Security Measures amid Fears of Overseas Assassinations

The building damaged in the Israeli strike on Hamas leaders in Doha last September (Reuters)
The building damaged in the Israeli strike on Hamas leaders in Doha last September (Reuters)

Hamas is increasingly bracing for what it sees as a looming Israeli assassination attempt against senior figures operating outside Palestinian territory.

Senior officials in the movement told Asharq Al-Awsat that concern has been mounting over a potential strike targeting Hamas’s top echelon, particularly after the killing of senior Lebanese Hezbollah official Haitham Tabtabai.

The sources said that despite “reassurance messages” conveyed by the United States to several parties, including mediators in Türkiye, Qatar and Egypt, that last September’s Doha operation will not be repeated, the movement’s leadership “does not trust Israel”.

One source linked “expectations of a new assassination attempt with the Israeli government’s efforts to obstruct the second phase of the ceasefire agreement and its claim that the movement has no intention of advancing toward a deal”.

According to the sources, Hamas’s leadership has tightened security measures since the attempted assassination in Doha, convinced that “Israel will continue tracking the leadership and locating them through different methods, foremost of which are advanced technologies”.

A “non-Arab state”

A Hamas source said “there are assessments that the movement’s leaders may be targeted in a non-Arab state”, declining to identify it.

Since the start of the war on Gaza in October 2023, Israel has threatened and carried out overseas assassinations against Hamas leaders. It first killed Saleh al-Arouri, the movement’s deputy leader, in Beirut in January 2024, then killed the head of its political bureau, Ismail Haniyeh, in Tehran in July 2024.

Israel then attempted to eliminate the movement’s leadership council in the Doha operation.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu later apologized to Qatar after pressure from US President Donald Trump.

US envoys Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner subsequently met Khalil al-Hayya, head of the Hamas delegation for ceasefire talks, who had been a primary target in the Doha operation.

“New security instructions”

Asharq Al-Awsat reviewed an internal directive distributed to Hamas leaders abroad regarding personal security and precautionary measures to prevent possible assassinations or at least reduce their impact.

The new instructions, which appear to have been drafted by security experts, say all fixed meetings in a single location must be canceled, and that leaders should resort to irregular meetings in rotating locations.

The instructions also require leaders to “keep mobile phones completely away from meeting sites by no less than 70 meters, and to ban the entry of any medical or electronic devices including watches into meeting venues. There must be no air conditioners, internet routers, television screens or even home intercom systems.”

The guidelines stress the need to “constantly inspect meeting venues in case miniature cameras have been planted anywhere through human agents, particularly since Israeli security services resort to installing cameras and spying devices during maintenance work inside buildings that they identify as future targets”.

The document warns leaders that “Israel relies on a chain of elements to monitor and track its targets, including human factors such as cleaning staff or others, or even individuals in the first circle around the wanted person, as well as mobile phones and other tools that can be used for surveillance such as screens, air conditioners and more”.

It adds that “switching off phones alone does not prevent tracking, especially since there is the ability to hack any device operating through Wi-Fi. Smart watches and similar devices can be used to determine the number of people in any room. Several types of missiles can also penetrate any wall or building and reach their target in a very short period”.

Gaza commander survives

Meanwhile, Israel on Wednesday attempted to assassinate a commander in the Rafah Brigade of the Qassam Brigades, the Hamas military wing, after bombing a tent sheltering his family in the Mawasi area of Khan Younis in southern Gaza.

The strike came hours after four Israeli soldiers were wounded in a firefight with Qassam gunmen in Rafah as the troops emerged from tunnels.

Sources told Asharq Al-Awsat that the targeted figure survived. He is the intelligence chief of the Rafah Brigade.

Israel had previously said it succeeded in dismantling the Rafah Brigade completely and eliminating it, but successive operations carried out by armed cells from the brigade inside the city, which is under Israeli control, have fueled significant doubt about Israel’s narrative.

Arab World

Sources to Asharq Al-Awsat: Tribal Clashes Behind Killing of Yasser Abu Shabab

Yasser Abu Shabab (Social Media)
Yasser Abu Shabab (Social Media)
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Sources to Asharq Al-Awsat: Tribal Clashes Behind Killing of Yasser Abu Shabab

Yasser Abu Shabab (Social Media)
Yasser Abu Shabab (Social Media)

Sources in Gaza said the killing of Yasser Abu Shabab, the leader of an armed militia opposed to Hamas, unfolded against the backdrop of a tribal confrontation, with two members of his own Tarabin clan implicated in the attack.

The sources told Asharq Al-Awsat that the two assailants, from the Debari and Abu Suneima families, both part of the wider Bedouin Tarabin tribe, had taken part in the shooting that left Abu Shabab fatally wounded.

According to the sources, the incident occurred on Thursday and ended swiftly when Abu Shabab’s escorts shot dead the men who had targeted him.

Abu Shabab, a controversial figure who emerged during Israel’s war on Gaza and became prominent during efforts to deliver aid to the blockaded enclave, was killed after months in the public eye.

Israel’s Army Radio said on Thursday, citing security officials, that Abu Shabab, one of the most prominent tribal leaders opposed to Hamas in Gaza, died of his wounds at Soroka Medical Center in Beersheba in southern Israel, where he had been transferred after being injured earlier.

Abu Shabab’s armed group is based in Rafah in southern Gaza. In previous remarks he insisted that his group’s only link was with the Palestinian Authority, rejecting accusations that he collaborated with Israel.

He had called for renaming his militia, known as the Popular Forces in Gaza, as a counterterrorism group.

Army Radio said Abu Shabab had declared his cooperation with Israel and formed the first armed group to confront Hamas in southern Gaza. It added that he had been targeted by gunmen who opened fire on him.

A few months earlier, with the resumption of humanitarian aid deliveries to Gaza, Abu Shabab resurfaced after nearly three months of absence from the field and from his Facebook page.

Abu Shabab has frequently stirred controversy. Some Gaza residents linked his name to the theft of humanitarian aid in past periods, while others defended him and praised what they considered efforts to secure and protect aid shipments.

In May last year, he reactivated his Facebook page and announced he had resumed securing the delivery of aid to residential areas, raising questions about his sudden reappearance and the purpose behind the announcement, especially given his past association among many with aid theft.

Several sources told Asharq Al-Awsat that Abu Shabab and the armed group that appeared with him in photos on his page were primarily present in areas between eastern Rafah and southeastern Khan Younis.

These areas fall under Israeli control and are inhabited only by a few dozen members of the Tarabin tribe, to which Abu Shabab and his associates belong.

Humanitarian aid began to enter Gaza last week after Israel yielded to international pressure and lifted the blockade it had imposed on aid entry on March 2 last year. A global hunger monitoring body said the blockade had pushed half a million people in the enclave to the brink of famine.

No one knows the exact size of the armed force he formed. Estimates range from dozens to a few hundred, based on images and short videos on TikTok and other social media platforms that show the group with weapons and four-wheel drive vehicles.

Asharq Al-Awsat was unable to reach Abu Shabab directly to clarify his role in the handling of aid, as all his phone numbers were switched off.

Some sources familiar with him said he was a simple young man who had been detained by Hamas police on charges of drug possession and trafficking, but escaped with other inmates after the war broke out and the bombardment intensified. The sources said he had never been affiliated with any Palestinian faction and that there was no known record of him spying for Israel. They added that carrying weapons was common among most members of the Tarabin tribe.

After some residents accused him of stealing aid, Hamas security forces raided sites he visited with his armed men in November 2024, killing at least twenty people and wounding dozens.

After reports claimed he had been killed when an anti-armor projectile struck the vehicle he used to flee, it later emerged that his brother had been inside and was the one killed.

According to some sources, Abu Shabab fled to areas very close to Israeli military positions east of Rafah.

After a period of absence, Abu Shabab reappeared in recent days as aid deliveries resumed. Videos circulated showing men said to be from his group securing aid convoys, escorting foreign delegations and accompanying Red Cross workers. The footage shows people from the Tarabin tribe speaking with visiting delegations.

Each time aid entered the enclave, Abu Shabab posted messages on his Facebook page about protecting it and transporting it to the edges of areas outside his control, which he referred to as “the other side”, meaning the de facto Hamas government.

In one recent post he wrote, “When we distributed aid with dignity they defamed us, when we stood to protect it they accused us, and here we are today appearing before the people, we the sons of this nation.”

The message was signed “Yasser Abu Shabab, Popular Forces”.

Field sources told Asharq Al-Awsat that the stolen aid had not gone to Hamas. The sources said the shipments entered residential areas without protection, which contributed to theft.

When a group from the Hamas Home Front security force went to secure the aid in Deir al-Balah in central Gaza, an Israeli strike killed six of its members, allowing an armed gang to seize the supplies.

Hours later, Hamas fighters fired a projectile at the armed men responsible for the theft, killing six of them, the field sources said.

Some sources said Abu Shabab could barely write and was unlikely to be managing his Facebook page himself. This raised questions about who might be backing him, especially since he operated in areas considered extremely dangerous for Gaza residents due to the presence of Israeli forces.

In several posts, Abu Shabab referred to a media team that managed his page and handled his work professionally. In one post he not only highlighted aid protection but also called for unity and urged people to reject Hamas, which he accused of distorting the image of popular figures.

In some of his posts he referred to his group as the Popular Action Forces. On some TikTok videos, labels such as Counterterrorism Forces appeared.

Some Gaza residents, even jokingly, began calling him “Mr. President”, while others referred to him as “the state”, especially after his armed men were seen wearing military fatigues with Palestinian flags and saluting every convoy carrying visiting delegations.

Local sources said he recently helped evacuate families trapped by Israeli forces in the Amour area southeast of Khan Younis, enabling them to reach areas west of the city.

Hamas repeatedly accuses Israel of fostering lawlessness in Gaza and enabling aid theft by armed gangs.

Israeli officials have openly encouraged Gaza residents to break away from Hamas and rise up against it, which has already occurred in some areas.

Arab World

Israel Strikes South Lebanon Towns

Smoke billows from the site of an Israeli airstrike that targeted the southern Lebanese village of al-Mjadel on December 4, 2025. (Photo by KAWANT HAJU / AFP)
Smoke billows from the site of an Israeli airstrike that targeted the southern Lebanese village of al-Mjadel on December 4, 2025. (Photo by KAWANT HAJU / AFP)
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Israel Strikes South Lebanon Towns

Smoke billows from the site of an Israeli airstrike that targeted the southern Lebanese village of al-Mjadel on December 4, 2025. (Photo by KAWANT HAJU / AFP)
Smoke billows from the site of an Israeli airstrike that targeted the southern Lebanese village of al-Mjadel on December 4, 2025. (Photo by KAWANT HAJU / AFP)

Israel's military said it struck targets in two southern Lebanese towns on Thursday after ordering the evacuation of two buildings it alleged were being used by Hezbollah.

About an hour after the initial warning, the army's Arabic spokesperson issued another notice instructing residents of buildings in two other towns to leave.

The strikes came a day after Israel and Lebanon sent civilian envoys to a committee overseeing a fragile ceasefire agreed a year ago that both sides have accused the other of breaking.

The envoys would broaden the scope of talks between the long-time adversaries, both sides said.

Lebanese Prime Minister Nawaf Salam said on Wednesday Lebanon was open to the committee taking on a direct verification role to check Israeli claims that Hezbollah is re-arming, and verify the work of the Lebanese army in dismantling the group's infrastructure.