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UNESCO Wants to Add Stonehenge to List of Endangered Heritage Sites

Stonehenge in southwest England -- carved and constructed at a time when there were no metal tools -- symbolizes Britain's semi-mythical pre-historic period, and has spawned countless legends. William EDWARDS / AFP
Stonehenge in southwest England -- carved and constructed at a time when there were no metal tools -- symbolizes Britain's semi-mythical pre-historic period, and has spawned countless legends. William EDWARDS / AFP
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UNESCO Wants to Add Stonehenge to List of Endangered Heritage Sites

Stonehenge in southwest England -- carved and constructed at a time when there were no metal tools -- symbolizes Britain's semi-mythical pre-historic period, and has spawned countless legends. William EDWARDS / AFP
Stonehenge in southwest England -- carved and constructed at a time when there were no metal tools -- symbolizes Britain's semi-mythical pre-historic period, and has spawned countless legends. William EDWARDS / AFP

The UN's cultural organization said Monday it recommended adding Stonehenge, the renowned prehistoric site in England, to its world heritage in danger list, in what would be seen as an embarrassment for London.
The site has been in the UN organization's sights because of British government plans to construct a controversial road tunnel near the world heritage site in southwestern England.
In a written decision seen by AFP, the World Heritage Committee recommended that Stonehenge be added to the UN body's heritage in danger list "with a view to mobilizing international support".
The decision will have to be voted upon by the member states of the World Heritage Committee at a meeting in New Delhi in July.
One diplomat told AFP that the decision will likely be approved.
Stonehenge has had UNESCO world heritage status since 1986.
Placement on the UN body's heritage in danger list is seen as a dishonor by some countries.
Last July the British government approved the construction of a controversial road tunnel near Stonehenge despite efforts by campaigners to halt the £1.7 billion ($2.2 billion) project.
The diplomat pointed out that London had decided to approve the project "despite repeated warnings from the World Heritage Committee since 2017."
The planned tunnel is intended to ease congestion on an existing main road to southwest England that gets especially busy during the peak holiday periods.
Experts have warned of "permanent, irreversible harm" to the area.
Druids have held protests against the tunnel at a site they consider sacred and where they celebrate the summer and winter solstice -- the longest and shortest days of the year.
Built in stages between around 3,000 and 2,300 BCE, Stonehenge is one of the world's most important prehistoric megalithic monuments in terms of its size, sophisticated layout and architectural precision.
UNESCO runs a list of sites with World Heritage status around the world, a prestigious title that countries compete to bestow on their most famous natural and man-made locations.
A listing can help boost tourism -- but it comes with obligations to protect the site.
The port city of Liverpool in northwest England lost its World Heritage status for its docks in 2021 after UNESCO experts concluded that new real estate developments in the city had taken too much of a toll on its historical fabric.

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Culture

Historic Fantasy ‘Assassin’s Creed’ Sparks Bitter Battles 

Ubisoft, maker of the "Assassin's Creed" series of video games, mixes historical accuracy with artistic license in its latest offering, "Shadows". (AFP)
Ubisoft, maker of the "Assassin's Creed" series of video games, mixes historical accuracy with artistic license in its latest offering, "Shadows". (AFP)
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Historic Fantasy ‘Assassin’s Creed’ Sparks Bitter Battles 

Ubisoft, maker of the "Assassin's Creed" series of video games, mixes historical accuracy with artistic license in its latest offering, "Shadows". (AFP)
Ubisoft, maker of the "Assassin's Creed" series of video games, mixes historical accuracy with artistic license in its latest offering, "Shadows". (AFP)

The "Assassin's Creed" series of video games is adored for painstaking historic accuracy, but also sparks controversy with heavy use of artistic license -- most recently with a black samurai in the latest instalment, "Shadows".

Released on Thursday, "Shadows" takes place in 16th-century feudal Japan, replete with imposing fortified cities and tranquil temples crafted by developers.

"They've done a really fantastic job with very accurate recreations," said Pierre-Francois Souyri, a historian among a dozen French and Japanese experts consulted for the game in a bid to weed out cliches and anachronisms.

Since being tapped in late 2021, Souyri says he has answered "a hundred or more questions" from the development team, ranging from how salt was produced to how puppet shows were staged.

Souyri adds that within the carefully crafted setting, "it's not too hard to come up with characters who find themselves having adventures" in "a very eventful period" marked by intense conflicts.

- Black samurai -

But one foundational choice by the creative team has provoked fierce debate online and beyond: casting a black samurai, Yasuke, as one of the two playable protagonists. The other is a young female ninja, Fujibayashi Naoe.

Irritation that an African character was depicted with the rank of samurai prompted a Japanese petition against the move, receiving more than 100,000 signatures.

The text blasted "lack of historical accuracy and cultural respect" by game developers.

Souyri was unimpressed by the criticism.

"It's the game's conceit to call him a samurai, it's not a doctoral thesis," he said.

Like other historians who have weighed in, he pointed out that Yasuke "is a person who really existed" -- although the historic evidence on his status "can be difficult to interpret".

Yuichi Gozai, assistant professor at the National Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto, disagreed.

"Nothing proves that Yasuke had such qualifications" making him a samurai, medieval history specialist Gozai said.

In surviving documents, "Yasuke stood out above all for the color of his skin and his physical strength".

His patron, warlord Oda Nobunaga, likely "kept Yasuke by his side to show him off", Gozai believes.

Erupting even before "Shadows" had been released, the controversy over the black character's inclusion has been the fiercest surrounding any "Assassin's Creed" game.

The series has been attacked in the past, including by hard-left French politician Jean-Luc Melenchon for how firebrand Robespierre was depicted in "Assassin's Creed Unity", set during the French Revolution.

- Culture war battleground -

In a February report, the European Video Game Observatory noted that Ubisoft's announcement of Yasuke immediately "sparked a heated controversy amplified by social media".

The outfit blamed most of the uproar on "an American conservative moral crusade" waged by a hard core of "at least 728 interconnected accounts".

That group made up "only 0.8 percent of speakers on the topic of 'Assassin's Creed Shadows' in the US (but) account for 22.1 percent of all related coverage", the Observatory added.

The researchers said the behavior "suggests an astroturfing campaign" that piggybacked on the broader culture-war battles going on during the US presidential election campaign.

"Our use of Yasuke has been instrumentalized by certain people to get their own message across... but that's not the message of the game," said Marc-Alexis Cote, executive producer of the "Assassin's Creed" franchise.

Nevertheless, within Japan depictions of the country's history remain a sensitive issue -- as shown by reactions to images showing a "Shadows" player damaging the interior of a temple.

"I understand France's secularist principles, but it's important to acknowledge that ill-considered insults about religion can spark strong reactions," Gozai said.

"This risk should have been foreseen."

Ubisoft itself had resisted for some time fans' demands to see an "Assassin's Creed" game set in Japan.

But recent successful games set in the feudal period, such as 2019's "Sekiro" or 2020's "Ghost of Tsushima", may have helped overcome the publisher's reticence.

"There's a combined effect of exoticism and familiarity which fascinates Westerners," historian Souyri said.

Many young people, especially in Western countries, such as France and the United States, devour Japanese mangas and anime series.

But Gozai argues that "these depictions become counterproductive if they reinforce discrimination and prejudice towards Japan".

He calls "Shadows" a "clear example of these concerns being realized".