Israel’s Never-Ending Search for Oil in Occupied Golan Heights

Israeli soldiers walk near mobile artillery units near the border with Syria in the Golan Heights January 27, 2015. (Reuters)
Israeli soldiers walk near mobile artillery units near the border with Syria in the Golan Heights January 27, 2015. (Reuters)
TT

Israel’s Never-Ending Search for Oil in Occupied Golan Heights

Israeli soldiers walk near mobile artillery units near the border with Syria in the Golan Heights January 27, 2015. (Reuters)
Israeli soldiers walk near mobile artillery units near the border with Syria in the Golan Heights January 27, 2015. (Reuters)

Backed by Washington, Israel is spending an arm and a leg on oil drilling in the contested Golan Heights, Syria. Israeli daily, Haaretz, has reported on the recent Washington proclamation of Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights as a key green light for Tel Aviv to move forward with its initiative to secure the large amounts of underground oil and gas wells there.

Golan Heights oil reserves are predicted to be somewhere around one billion oil barrels, which is enough to transform Israel from a self-sufficient start up country to a source of energy by 2020.

Until now, Israel has remained largely dependent on global markets for over 99 percent of its energy consumption needs, importing fuel from Angola, Colombia, Mexico, Egypt, Norway, Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Isolated from most of the region’s gas and oil pipelines, Israel only has access to the East Mediterranean Gas pipeline extending from Egypt’s Arish to Ashkelon, a southern Israeli city. The pipeline is responsible for 40 percent of the country’s gas needs.

The history of oil drilling in Israel
Oil drilling in Palestinian lands dates back to 1914, with the first exploration venture taking place in 1947 by an affiliate of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC).

Years later, Israel established the Petroleum Unit-- a national resources committee focused on oil management and which operates under its laws and regulations. Since 1953, this body has been monitored by Israel’s Energy and Water Resources Ministry.

The council, more or less, bases its field operations on findings of researches conducted by the country’s Geological Institute, Geophysical Institute, Institute of Technology and prestigious universities. It is also responsible for the management and maintenance of all expert reports and data on oil and natural gas exploration conducted in Israel to date--information that is crucial for companies submitting their bids for approval.

It is worth noting that the Israeli Petroleum Law was enacted in 1952 and works to govern the exploration and production of petroleum onshore and offshore Israel, including the country’s continental shelf. A year later, oil companies rolled in their Vibro-trucks, making their first discovery in 1955. The first field was located in Negev, a large desert region in southern Israel.

In 1957, another oil well sitting under frackable land was discovered in the same area. In total, some 480 onshore and offshore rigs have been set up so far-- however, most of their output is not commercial.

Golan Heights oil reserves
Even though several Jewish rabbis deny the Syrian Golan Heights having any significant biblical importance, some of Israel’s supporters insist otherwise and push the occupation agenda in the contested territory.

Scripture-inspired businessmen believe in the Golan Heights as the right place for their venture, basing their convictions on 17 Torah references interpreted as a sign for the presence of oil there.

For decades, many American investors set out to find oil in the Golan Heights, most without avail. Despite oil explorations dating back as early as 1970 and rapidly growing in the 80s, it wasn’t until January 1990 that the Israeli government went public that it has been authorizing digging for oil in the occupied territory.

It was during that year that the Israeli state granted the Israel National Oil Company a license to look for oil in the Golan Heights. At the time, the Firil Center for Studies had revealed that a shocking $25 million has been spent on looking for oil in the occupied Syrian territory.



As Flooding Becomes a Yearly Disaster in South Sudan, Thousands Survive on the Edge of a Canal

Children ride in a small canoe around the area where they live in Jonglei state, South Sudan. (Photo: AP)
Children ride in a small canoe around the area where they live in Jonglei state, South Sudan. (Photo: AP)
TT

As Flooding Becomes a Yearly Disaster in South Sudan, Thousands Survive on the Edge of a Canal

Children ride in a small canoe around the area where they live in Jonglei state, South Sudan. (Photo: AP)
Children ride in a small canoe around the area where they live in Jonglei state, South Sudan. (Photo: AP)

Long-horned cattle wade through flooded lands and climb a slope along a canal that has become a refuge for displaced families in South Sudan. Smoke from burning dung rises near homes of mud and grass where thousands of people now live after floods swept away their village.
“Too much suffering,” said Bichiok Hoth Chuiny, a woman in her 70s. She supported herself with a stick as she walked in the newly established community of Pajiek in Jonglei state north of the capital, Juba, The Associated Press said.
For the first time in decades, the flooding had forced her to flee. Her efforts to protect her home by building dykes failed. Her former village of Gorwai is now a swamp.
“I had to be dragged in a canoe up to here,” Chuiny said. An AP journalist was the first to visit the community.
Such flooding is becoming a yearly disaster in South Sudan, which the World Bank has described as “the world’s most vulnerable country to climate change and also the one most lacking in coping capacity."
More than 379,000 people have been displaced by flooding this year, according to the UN humanitarian agency.
Seasonal flooding has long been part of the lifestyle of pastoral communities around the Sudd, the largest wetlands in Africa, in the Nile River floodplain. But since the 1960s the swamp has kept growing, submerging villages, ruining farmland and killing livestock.
“The Dinka, Nuer and Murle communities of Jonglei are losing the ability to keep cattle and do farming in that region the way they used to,” said Daniel Akech Thiong, a senior analyst with the International Crisis Group.
South Sudan is poorly equipped to adjust. Independent since 2011, the country plunged into civil war in 2013. Despite a peace deal in 2018, the government has failed to address numerous crises. Some 2.4 million people remain internally displaced by conflict and flooding.
The latest overflowing of the Nile has been blamed on factors including the opening of dams upstream in Uganda after Lake Victoria rose to its highest levels in five years.
The century-old Jonglei Canal, which was never completed, has become a refuge for many.
“We don’t know up to where this flooding would have pushed us if the canal was not there,” said Peter Kuach Gatchang, the paramount chief of Pajiek. He was already raising a small garden of pumpkins and eggplants in his new home.
The 340-kilometer (211-mile) Jonglei Canal was first imagined in the early 1900s by Anglo-Egyptian colonial authorities to increase the Nile’s outflow towards Egypt in the north. But its development was interrupted by the long fight of southern Sudanese against the Sudanese regime in Khartoum that eventually led to the creation of a separate country.
Gatchang said the new community in Pajiek is neglected: "We have no school and no clinic here, and if you stay for a few days, you will see us carrying our patients on stretchers up to Ayod town.”
Ayod, the county headquarters, is reached by a six-hour walk through the waist-high water.
Pajiek also has no mobile network and no government presence. The area is under the control of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-in-Opposition, founded by President Salva Kiir’s rival turned Vice President Riek Machar.
Villagers rely on aid. On a recent day, hundreds of women lined up in a nearby field to receive some from the World Food Program.
Nyabuot Reat Kuor walked home with a 50-kilogram (110-pound) bag of sorghum balanced on her head.
“This flooding has destroyed our farm, killed our livestock and displaced us for good," the mother of eight said. “Our old village of Gorwai has become a river.”
When food assistance runs out, she said, they will survive on wild leaves and water lilies from the swamp. Already in recent years, food aid rations have been cut in half as international funding for such crises drops.
More than 69,000 people who have migrated to the Jonglei Canal in Ayod county are registered for food assistance, according to WFP.
“There are no passable roads at this time of the year, and the canal is too low to support boats carrying a lot of food,” said John Kimemia, a WFP airdrop coordinator.
In the neighboring Paguong village that is surrounded by flooded lands, the health center has few supplies. Medics haven’t been paid since June due to an economic crisis that has seen civil servants nationwide go unpaid for more than a year.
South Sudan’s economic woes have deepened with the disruption of oil exports after a major pipeline was damaged in Sudan during that country's ongoing civil war.
“The last time we got drugs was in September. We mobilized the women to carry them on foot from Ayod town,” said Juong Dok Tut, a clinical officer.
Patients, mostly women and children, sat on the ground as they waited to see the doctor. Panic rippled through the group when a thin green snake passed among them. It wasn't poisonous, but many others in the area are. People who venture into the water to fish or collect water lilies are at risk.
Four life-threatening snake bites cases occurred in October, Tut said. “We managed these cases with the antivenom treatments we had, but now they’re over, so we don’t know what to do if it happens again.”