Lebanon's Economic Crisis Upends Eid Tradition

Tradition dictates that Muslims donate cuts of mutton during Friday's Eid al-Adha festival. AFP
Tradition dictates that Muslims donate cuts of mutton during Friday's Eid al-Adha festival. AFP
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Lebanon's Economic Crisis Upends Eid Tradition

Tradition dictates that Muslims donate cuts of mutton during Friday's Eid al-Adha festival. AFP
Tradition dictates that Muslims donate cuts of mutton during Friday's Eid al-Adha festival. AFP

Tradition dictates that Muslims donate cuts of mutton during Friday's Eid al-Adha festival, which would spell brisk business for butcher Abdulrazak Darwish but Lebanon's economic crisis has cast a pall over his trade.

"This year has been the worst for us because of soaring inflation," said the 54-year-old resident of the northern city of Tripoli.

"There is no demand for meat or requests from clients to slaughter sheep this Eid al-Adha," he told AFP from inside his nearly empty store near the city's port.

Thousands of sheep are usually slaughtered annually in Lebanon at Eid al-Adha -- the festival of sacrifice -- one of two major holy days observed by Muslims across the world.

It is custom for the better-off to donate cuts of mutton to needy members of their community as a form of religious charity during the holiday.

But that might not happen this year, as the country is now mired in its worst economic crisis since the 1975-1990 civil war.

The Lebanese pound has in past months lost around 80 percent of its value against the dollar on the black market.

In a country where most consumer goods are imported, that devaluation has had a huge impact on prices and the purchasing power of ordinary Lebanese.

In Darwish's butcher shop, one lonely cut of mutton hangs from a hook. Fridges next to it are completely empty.

For the vast majority of people whose income is not in dollars, the cost of a sheep has more than tripled since last year.

Darwish said the price he pays his suppliers is already prohibitive and leaves him with "no margin to make a profit".

- Dwindling donations -

Tripoli already harbored some of the country's poorest but the combined effect of the monetary crisis and lockdowns because of the coronavirus is sentencing thousands of families to hunger.

This has upset Eid al-Adha mutton donations, said Sheikh Nabil Rahim, who connects wealthy families with the needy during the Islamic holiday.

"Donations have severely dwindled by more than 80 percent which means no mutton this Eid al-Adha," he told AFP from his office..

"A big segment of the Lebanese population are now preoccupied with themselves and their personal problems as a result of the economic crisis," he added.

Sitting on a chair outside her Tripoli apartment, Mona al-Masri said she is preparing for a frugal Eid al-Adha this year because of the downturn.

"Our priorities have changed," said the 51-year-old, explaining she is not planning to buy any meat for the feast, which usually abounds with lamb and mutton.

Instead, she will prepare dishes using lentils, vegetables and herbs, she told AFP, explaining she usually relies on donations for mutton.

"This year it seems no one is planning to distribute anything," she said.



Tunisia Women Herb Harvesters Struggle with Drought and Heat

A woman harvests aromatic and medicinal plants in the mountains of Tbainia village near the city of Ain Drahem, in the northwest of Tunisia on November 6, 2024. (AFP)
A woman harvests aromatic and medicinal plants in the mountains of Tbainia village near the city of Ain Drahem, in the northwest of Tunisia on November 6, 2024. (AFP)
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Tunisia Women Herb Harvesters Struggle with Drought and Heat

A woman harvests aromatic and medicinal plants in the mountains of Tbainia village near the city of Ain Drahem, in the northwest of Tunisia on November 6, 2024. (AFP)
A woman harvests aromatic and medicinal plants in the mountains of Tbainia village near the city of Ain Drahem, in the northwest of Tunisia on November 6, 2024. (AFP)

On a hillside in Tunisia's northwestern highlands, women scour a sun-scorched field for the wild herbs they rely on for their livelihoods, but droughts and rising temperatures are making it ever harder to find the precious plants.

Yet the harvesters say they have little choice but to struggle on, as there are few opportunities in a country hit hard by unemployment, inflation and high living costs.

"There is a huge difference between the situation in the past and what we are living now," said Mabrouka Athimni, who heads a local collective of women herb harvesters named "Al Baraka" ("Blessing").

"We're earning half, sometimes just a third, of what we used to."

Tunisia produces around 10,000 tons of aromatic and medicinal herbs each year, according to official figures.

Rosemary accounts for more than 40 percent of essential oil exports, mainly destined for French and American markets.

For the past 20 years, Athimni's collective has supported numerous families in Tbainia, a village near the city of Ain Draham in a region with much higher poverty rates than the national average.

Women, who make up around 70 percent of the agricultural workforce, are the main breadwinners for their households in Tbainia.

- 'Yield less' -

Tunisia is in its sixth year of drought and has seen its water reserves dwindle, as temperatures have soared past 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit) in some areas during the summer.

The country has 36 dams, mostly in the northwest, but they are currently just 20 percent full -- a record low in recent decades.

The Tbainia women said they usually harvested plants like eucalyptus, rosemary and mastic year-round, but shrinking water resources and rare rainfall have siphoned oil output.

"The mountain springs are drying up, and without snow or rain to replenish them, the herbs yield less oil," said Athimni.

Mongia Soudani, a 58-year-old harvester and mother of three, said her work was her household's only income. She joined the collective five years ago.

"We used to gather three or four large sacks of herbs per harvest," she said. "Now, we're lucky to fill just one."

Forests in Tunisia cover 1.25 million hectares, about 10 percent of them in the northwestern region.

Wildfires fueled by drought and rising temperatures have ravaged these woodlands, further diminishing the natural resources that women like Soudani depend on.

In the summer of last year, wildfires destroyed around 1,120 hectares near Tbainia.

"Parts of the mountain were consumed by flames, and other women lost everything," Soudani recalled.

To adapt to some climate-driven challenges, the women received training from international organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), to preserve forest resources.

Still, Athimni struggles to secure a viable income.

"I can't fulfil my clients' orders anymore because the harvest has been insufficient," she said.

The collective has lost a number of its customers as a result, she said.

- 'No longer sustainable' -

A recent study by the Tunisian Forum for Economic and Social Rights (FTDES) highlighted how climate-induced damage to forests had severely impacted local communities.

"Women in particular suffer the consequences as their activities become more difficult and arduous," the study said.

Tunisia has ratified key international environmental agreements, including the 2015 Paris Climate Accord.

But environmental justice researcher Ines Labiadh, who oversaw the FTDES study, said implementation "remains incomplete".

In the face of these woes, the Tbainia harvesters, like many women working in the sector, will be forced to seek alternative livelihoods, said Labiadh.

"They have no choice but to diversify their activities," she said. "Relying solely on natural resources is no longer sustainable."

Back in the field, Bachra Ben Salah strives to collect whatever herbs she can lay her hands on.

"There's nothing we can do but wait for God's mercy," she said.