K-pop idol. Used tire salesman. Hip-hop mogul. The course of true success has never run smoothly, but Korean-American entertainer Jay Park has had an unusually bumpy ride to stardom.
The 36-year-old is now one of South Korea's most recognizable entertainers: he's founded two of the country's largest hip-hop labels, released a string of hits and was the first Asian-American to sign with Jay-Z's Roc Nation.
But this success was hard fought, he told AFP in an exclusive interview, with his first shot at fame -- debuting as the leader of a K-pop band -- imploding in a scandal that led him to flee Seoul for his native Seattle.
"I faced a lot of backlash," Park told AFP, adding he was once "kind of blacklisted from the industry".
The problem started with a few throwaway comments posted online by Park -- then in his late teens -- criticizing the intense idol training regime, the K-pop industry and South Korea itself.
A Korean media frenzy ensued, with the fallout forcing Park to quit 2PM, a seven-member boy band under major label JYP Entertainment.
He moved back to Seattle and worked at a used tire shop, but he kept his musical dreams alive, eventually posting a cover of "Nothin' on You" -- a B.O.B and Bruno Mars song -- on his YouTube channel.
"I just wanted to show my fans that I'm doing well, and also I wanted to show people what type of music I'm into, what type of artist I am. So I just put up a cover and it just kind of blew up," he said.
Racking up more than two million views in a day, the song catapulted him back into the music industry and marked "a new start" for Park.
It also allowed him to recalibrate his musical style and shift from pop to rap -- a move that would eventually help transform South Korea's nascent hip-hop scene.
It was not a calculated decision or grand plan, he said, but an attempt to move past restrictive labels.
"If I say I'm a rapper, then I can only rap. But I like to rap, I like to dance, I like to sing," he said, adding that he would be "always grateful to the hip-hop culture" for helping him relaunch his career.
Struggle for survival
Park's story is unusual: it is rare for a K-pop failure to go on to have a successful musical career after leaving one of the big agencies around which the industry is structured.
"It didn't happen overnight. Obviously, it took a lot of work," Park told AFP of his musical comeback.
Hundreds of thousands of aspiring K-pop stars go through the grueling idol training system, notorious for high stress and long hours, analysts say.
Only 60 percent of trainees make it to "debut", industry figures show, and almost all of those that do are signed to big agencies like BTS's HYBE, or its major rival SM Entertainment.
Without that backing, "the chances for survival are really low", said music critic Kim Do-heon.
"There are so many groups that disband," he said.
After Park quit 2PM, he was left to navigate the industry on his own, and has spoken of his struggles with, for example, finding musicians willing to be featured on his first solo album.
But even when the industry odds are stacked against you, Park said, it is still possible to succeed with the right mindset.
"There is a limit to what agencies can do for you, and it seems that grit and determination are what can fill in," he said.
Change the industry
Now Park is trying to change the industry -- or his small segment of it -- for the better.
He has already founded two of South Korea's most prominent hip-hop labels. And now his career has come full circle with his establishment of a third label aimed at producing a boy band.
But he's doing it his way: rather than the exacting training and obsessive levels of control pioneered by the major agencies, Park says he believes real relationships and "freestyling together" are the key to success.
His new trainees will have Park as a mentor -- something he says he longed for when he started in the industry at 18.
"I'm not bitter over anything. I don't hate anybody. I don't dislike anybody. I don't have time for that. I don't have time for thinking about stuff in the past," he said.
"I can't change the past, so what I can change is the future, so that's what I work on."
