Every day, Magda Miloseska dons a white, protective suit and enters the domain of the honeybees in the backyard of her small weekend house in North Macedonia.
She has been producing honey in this picturesque corner of the country for more than 20 years. But climate change and disease have made what used to be a simple pleasure much harder work, she says.
Stence is a hillside village in the west of the country, surrounded by mountains and at a level of 650 meters (2,130 feet). Temperatures in June already exceed 30 degrees Celsius (86 Fahrenheit), three-degrees higher than usual, according to the state meteorological office.
"In the past, beekeeping was much easier," said 63-year-old Miloseska. "Beekeeping was a treat.
"Now, we simply have to fight both the climate conditions and the diseases that have entered the beekeeping."
Just a hobby for some, but a source of income for others, beekeeping has surged in recent years in all regions of the country, said AFP.
There were 6,900 beekeepers with 306,000 beehives registered across the country in 2023, according to the Food and Veterinary Agency.
But according to a European Commission study issued in July 2023, 10 percent of bees and butterflies are threatened with extinction in Europe -- largely due to human activities.
Honey production down
Miloseska may not have the data at her fingertips, but her everyday experience has made it clear to her something is wrong.
"Older beekeepers say that in the past they could get 30-50 kilograms (44-66 pounds) of honey from one beehive," she said.
"In this period, with these climate conditions, that is substantially decreased."
Today, in ideal conditions, the most you could hope for would be around 30 kilograms over one season, she added -- with average production between 10 and 20 kilos.
That relative scarcity has pushed prices up to between 15 and 20 euros ($16-22) compared to 10 euros just two or three years ago.
Vladimir Petroski, who for the past 13 years has spent his free time caring for 120 beehives, has noted the same problem.
Whereas in the past they could expect 30-40 kilograms, he said, these days they had to be satisfied with 15 kilos per season.
And he agreed that climate change had fueled the rise of the parasites and viruses that threaten wild and honey bees.
"Beekeepers need to educate themselves and adapt according to the conditions and the micro-climate where they work."
Educate and adapt
In fact, the beekeepers are already trying to find solutions themselves.
Their hive mind is made up of the regional beekeepers' associations, which promote good practice and organize honey festivals.
They agree the main challenges are the warm winters, swift changes of the temperature in spring -- and the long, dry periods that come with summer now stretching into September and October.
Environmental groups have called for government ministries and agencies to coordinate to tackle the problems that climate change pose for bees.
So far however, they say their warnings have gone largely unheeded.
The agriculture ministry is just as concerned about intensive agriculture, pesticides, loss of diversity and pollution.
While acknowledging the threat climate change poses, it has simply recommended closer monitoring of the bees' behavior.
More data is certainly needed, says Frosina Pandurska Dramikjanin of the Macedonian Ecological Society, part of a project trying to understand the effect of climate change on bees.
But it also needs to be share between the relevant state institutions, she argued.
Without that, she told AFP, "it is harder to issue measures and recommendations".
A recent report from the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) underlined the stakes, highlighting the key role bees play in food production and biodiversity.
Out of the 100 crop species that provide 90 percent of all food consumed worldwide, 71 are pollinated by bees, it reported.
