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How Did a Jet Flip Upside Down on a Toronto Runway and Everyone Survive?

A Delta Air Lines plane that crashed at Toronto Pearson International Airport is seen on February 18, 2025 in Toronto, Canada. (Getty Images/AFP)
A Delta Air Lines plane that crashed at Toronto Pearson International Airport is seen on February 18, 2025 in Toronto, Canada. (Getty Images/AFP)
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How Did a Jet Flip Upside Down on a Toronto Runway and Everyone Survive?

A Delta Air Lines plane that crashed at Toronto Pearson International Airport is seen on February 18, 2025 in Toronto, Canada. (Getty Images/AFP)
A Delta Air Lines plane that crashed at Toronto Pearson International Airport is seen on February 18, 2025 in Toronto, Canada. (Getty Images/AFP)

Investigators are probing the causes of an unusual plane crash at Canada's largest airport on Monday, when a regional jet flipped upside down upon landing during windy weather, sending 21 of the 80 people on board to hospital.

Video shows the Delta Air Lines plane belly up and missing its right wing at Toronto's Pearson Airport, and of the crash that involved no fatalities, circulated widely on social media. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada said on Tuesday that parts of the plane -- a Bombardier-made CRJ900 -- separated after impact and the fuselage came to rest slightly off the right side of the runway, upside down, facing the other direction.

The TSB said it is too early to know what happened and why. Here is what we know about this accident and similar crashes.

HOW DOES A PLANE LAND UPSIDE DOWN?

US aviation safety expert Anthony Brickhouse said aircraft are normally designed to land first on the two main landing gear, and then the nose gear. While the cause of the accident is unclear, the type of impact on the runway likely damaged the landing gear, leaving the plane imbalanced.

Brickhouse said that the plane ending up pointing in the opposite direction speaks to the amount of force and speed that led it to change direction.

"With all the forces and everything going on, if that wing is not there to support the aircraft it's going to go over," Brickhouse said. "It's not something that we see regularly, but when structures start failing, they can't do their job and the aircraft is going to react to the different forces on it."

HOW DID EVERYONE SURVIVE?

Passengers say they were hanging upside down in their seats after the crash.

"All of the passengers were wearing the safety belts. This prevented more serious injuries from occurring," said Mitchell Fox, director of the Asia Pacific Center for Aviation Safety.

Airplane seats are designed to withstand the force of 16 times the normal pull of gravity, or 16Gs, in a crash, whereas wings and fuselage are designed to handle 3-5Gs.

"In an impact-survivable crash, it's more important for the seats to hold up, giving passengers the best chance of survival," said Raj Ladani, a program manager for aerospace engineering at Australia's RMIT University. Good evacuation is key to air accident survivability, as witnessed last year when all 379 people escaped a burning Japan Airlines plane after a runway collision.

"The crew did a remarkable job of evacuating all of the passengers expeditiously," Fox said of the Delta crash.

HAS THIS HAPPENED BEFORE?

While rare, there have been cases of large jets flipping over on landing, including three accidents involving McDonnell Douglas' MD-11 model.

In 2009, a FedEx freighter turned over on landing in windy conditions on the runway at Tokyo's Narita airport, killing both pilots. The left wing was broken and separated from the fuselage attaching point and the airplane caught fire.

In 1999, a China Airlines flight inverted at Hong Kong while landing during a typhoon. The plane touched down hard, flipped over and caught fire, killing three of 315 occupants.

In 1997, another FedEx freighter flipped over at Newark in the United States, with no fatalities.

Brickhouse said it is too early to draw any conclusions from these earlier cases, especially as the MD-11 is a three-engine aircraft and the CRJ900 has two engines mounted toward the back of the aircraft, producing different flight dynamics.

HOW WILL THE INVESTIGATION PROCEED?

Unlike other investigations in which parts of the plane have gone missing, and there are mass fatalities, investigators will be able to interview all 76 passengers and four crew.

Investigators have access to the fuselage and wing, which are on the runway, and the black boxes -- the flight data and cockpit voice recorders -- have been sent for analysis.

"This is going to be a textbook investigation," Brickhouse said. "Some accidents, a lot of the pieces of the puzzle are missing. But right now looking at this accident, all the puzzle pieces are there. It's just you piecing them back together at this point."

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Varieties

Warsaw’s Celebrity Birds on Perilous Urban Quest

A common merganser (Mergus merganser) mother nicknamed Janina leads her ducklings from Lazienkowski Park in central Warsaw towards the Vistula River under the watchful eyes of volunteers and city parks department employees on April 28, 2026 in Warsaw, Poland. (AFP)
A common merganser (Mergus merganser) mother nicknamed Janina leads her ducklings from Lazienkowski Park in central Warsaw towards the Vistula River under the watchful eyes of volunteers and city parks department employees on April 28, 2026 in Warsaw, Poland. (AFP)
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Warsaw’s Celebrity Birds on Perilous Urban Quest

A common merganser (Mergus merganser) mother nicknamed Janina leads her ducklings from Lazienkowski Park in central Warsaw towards the Vistula River under the watchful eyes of volunteers and city parks department employees on April 28, 2026 in Warsaw, Poland. (AFP)
A common merganser (Mergus merganser) mother nicknamed Janina leads her ducklings from Lazienkowski Park in central Warsaw towards the Vistula River under the watchful eyes of volunteers and city parks department employees on April 28, 2026 in Warsaw, Poland. (AFP)

Waddling across a Warsaw expressway, a brood of wild sea ducks brought traffic to a halt as volunteers held motorists at bay -- an annual ritual to protect the bustling Polish capital's famous ducklings.

Every spring, dozens of days-old ducklings must make the risky trek from a centrally located park where they hatch to the Vistula river.

Local volunteers are mobilized to help ensure their safe passage, scrambling in hi-vis vests to stop cars and shepherd the birds across one of Warsaw's busiest roads.

Waddling through the city of 1.8 million people, the groups of mergansers -- fish-eating sea ducks -- are led by their silver-feathered mothers, with their distinctive brown head crests.

"We call mergansers ambassadors of Warsaw's wildlife -- or our celebrities," said Barbara Rozalska from the city parks department.

She was speaking over the rumble of the six-lane expressway -- "one of the biggest threats" for the wild birds on their kilometer-long journey.

Rozalska is in charge of coordinating the volunteers, who, through April and May, monitor the park and tree cavities where ducks lay their eggs and the possible routes they may take towards the river.

Around 30 people -- trained by the city's ornithologist -- take turns to stay alert for any sighting of the mergansers.

"It's a bit like being on call at the accident and emergency department -- you get a call and you have to go, no matter if it's at dawn or in the afternoon," Rozalska told AFP.

The array of threats is not limited to road traffic.

"There are seagulls and crows, which can snatch a chick that gets away from its mother for a moment. There are also predatory fish that can drag a chick underwater," she said.

- No honking -

One of the first merganser mums to cross this season took almost 24 hours to make it from the park to the river, testing the patience of the volunteers monitoring their every step and stumble.

That included the 11 hours the birds spent nestled in the roadside greenery, waiting for their moment.

Daria Grzesiek, 38, on duty, called it a "very difficult day" for her team.

"But once she set off and began making her way towards the Vistula... the fatigue was gone. There was only the satisfaction of having successfully guided her safely along the way," Grzesiek told AFP.

The volunteers' job involves asking passersby to keep their distance and put their dogs on a leash.

They also take on the task of explaining to drivers why the traffic needs to be stopped -- normally only for a few minutes.

As their efforts have gained traction and the birds have shot to local fame, there is more understanding among those sat behind the wheel, Grzesiek said.

One person, she recounted, "was getting upset that we stopped traffic".

But "the other drivers simply explained to him that he should calm down -- because mergansers are coming".

Varieties

Robot Recovers Artifacts From 500-Year-Old Shipwreck

This photograph shows a screen displaying live footage of the CAMARA 4 wreck and its cargo, transmitted by the “ROV C 4000”, a remotely operated vehicle manufactured by the French company LD Travocean and designed for seabed exploration, during an archaeological mission on the CAMARA 4 wreck from the bridge of the (BSAA) Jason, off the coast of Ramatuel, in southeastern France on April 7, 2026. (Photo by Thibaud MORITZ / AFP)
This photograph shows a screen displaying live footage of the CAMARA 4 wreck and its cargo, transmitted by the “ROV C 4000”, a remotely operated vehicle manufactured by the French company LD Travocean and designed for seabed exploration, during an archaeological mission on the CAMARA 4 wreck from the bridge of the (BSAA) Jason, off the coast of Ramatuel, in southeastern France on April 7, 2026. (Photo by Thibaud MORITZ / AFP)
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Robot Recovers Artifacts From 500-Year-Old Shipwreck

This photograph shows a screen displaying live footage of the CAMARA 4 wreck and its cargo, transmitted by the “ROV C 4000”, a remotely operated vehicle manufactured by the French company LD Travocean and designed for seabed exploration, during an archaeological mission on the CAMARA 4 wreck from the bridge of the (BSAA) Jason, off the coast of Ramatuel, in southeastern France on April 7, 2026. (Photo by Thibaud MORITZ / AFP)
This photograph shows a screen displaying live footage of the CAMARA 4 wreck and its cargo, transmitted by the “ROV C 4000”, a remotely operated vehicle manufactured by the French company LD Travocean and designed for seabed exploration, during an archaeological mission on the CAMARA 4 wreck from the bridge of the (BSAA) Jason, off the coast of Ramatuel, in southeastern France on April 7, 2026. (Photo by Thibaud MORITZ / AFP)

Deep in the Mediterranean Sea off the French coast, the pincer of a remotely guided underwater robot closed around a centuries-old jug resting near the wreck of a 16th-century merchant ship.

A French navy officer identified only as Sebastien, who did not disclose his full identity for security reasons, said handling the site requires extreme precision to avoid damaging the wreck or stirring up sediment that could impair visibility.

According to CBS News, Sebastien is overseeing the first mission in a series of archaeological explorations at what is considered the deepest shipwreck in French territorial waters, located about two hours from the French Riviera.

The shipwreck was discovered by chance last year during a routine military seabed survey off Ramatuelle, near Saint-Tropez. Archaeologists believe the vessel was sailing from northern Italy, carrying ceramics and metal ingots, before sinking.

The French navy has now returned, in cooperation with the culture ministry’s underwater archaeology department, to examine artifacts preserved at a depth of more than 1.5 miles below the surface.

This photograph shows an underwater stereoscopic photogrammetry camera on the articulated arm of the “ROV C 4000,” a remotely operated vehicle manufactured by the French company LD Travocean and designed for seabed exploration, on the deck of the (BSAA) Jason, chartered for an archaeological mission on the wreck of the CAMARA 4 off the coast of Ramatuel, in southeastern France on April 7, 2026. (Photo by Thibaud MORITZ / AFP)

Cannons and Ceramic Jugs on the Seabed

The navy is keeping the wreck’s location confidential, referring to it as “Camarat 4,” despite the fact that reaching it requires advanced technical capabilities due to its depth.

At dawn, a mission vessel arrived at the site carrying a remotely operated underwater robot, along with two large containers serving as field laboratories for marine archaeologists.

The robot, equipped with cameras and claw-like arms, was lowered into the depths via a long cable, while experts monitored its movements on screens.

After about an hour, it began gliding over piles of rounded ceramic jugs scattered across the seabed.

Images transmitted to the surface revealed details of the wreck, including cannons alongside hundreds of jugs and plates decorated with plant motifs, crosses and fish shapes.

The robot captured eight images per second over three hours, enabling the collection of more than 86,000 images, later used to produce a precise three-dimensional model of the site.

Archaeologist Franca Cibecchini said the clarity at that depth was striking: “It was excellent, something you wouldn’t imagine at this depth.” She added that the ship was likely a merchant vessel carrying glazed ceramics from Liguria in northwestern Italy, possibly loaded in the ports of Genoa or Savona.

Earlier surveys had identified two cauldrons, an anchor and six cannons at the site, along with modern debris such as a drinks can and an empty yogurt container visible near the anchor.

Pilots specializing in underwater robots from the French Navy, along with researchers, watch live feeds on screens showing the “ROV C 4000,” a remotely operated vehicle manufactured by the French company LD Travocean and designed for seabed exploration, during an archaeological mission on the wreck of the CAMARA 4 from the bridge of the (BSAA) Jason, off the coast of Ramatuel, in southeastern France, April 7, 2026. (Photo by Thibaud MORITZ / AFP)

Recovering One of the Deepest Finds

Marine Sadania, head of the excavation team, said the findings represent an important source for understanding 16th-century maritime trade, given the limited detailed historical records available.

During the recovery operation, the team carefully guided the robot as it lowered its arm to gently lift a crate, although one ceramic piece broke during the process.

Several jugs and plates were successfully retrieved and later examined in laboratories in Marseille, where initial analysis revealed dark blue lines and multicolored geometric patterns.

Sadania said these items are among the deepest artifacts ever recovered from a shipwreck in France.

The discovery follows the 2019 identification of the submarine La Minerve off Toulon at a depth of about 1.4 miles. The vessel sank in 1968 with 52 sailors aboard.

In a separate development, officials announced the discovery of another 16th-century shipwreck found during military exercises off Sweden’s coast.

Varieties

US Company Aims to Resurrect Bluebuck Antelope that was Hunted to Extinction

An artist's rendering of the extinct African antelope species called the Bluebuck, released on April 30, 2026. Colossal Biosciences/Handout via REUTERS
An artist's rendering of the extinct African antelope species called the Bluebuck, released on April 30, 2026. Colossal Biosciences/Handout via REUTERS
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US Company Aims to Resurrect Bluebuck Antelope that was Hunted to Extinction

An artist's rendering of the extinct African antelope species called the Bluebuck, released on April 30, 2026. Colossal Biosciences/Handout via REUTERS
An artist's rendering of the extinct African antelope species called the Bluebuck, released on April 30, 2026. Colossal Biosciences/Handout via REUTERS

The bluebuck, an antelope with a silvery slate-blue coat and striking horns, inhabited the coastal grasslands of South Africa's southwestern Cape region until European settlers hunted it to extinction in around 1800. A US company now plans to resurrect the bluebuck as part of its de-extinction efforts.

Dallas-based Colossal Biosciences announced on Thursday that it has made the bluebuck the sixth species in its de-extinction portfolio based on genetic engineering, alongside three other mammals - the dire wolf, woolly mammoth and thylacine, also called the Tasmanian tiger - and two birds, the dodo and moa, Reuters reported.

"We're two years into the bluebuck project and have already completed several foundational steps," Colossal CEO and co-founder Ben Lamm told Reuters. "We are equally excited about how our technology can help living antelopes today. About a third of the world's roughly 90 antelope species are threatened or near-threatened."

Prized for the unique color of their hides, bluebuck were hunted to extinction just 34 years after the species was first documented scientifically. The animal stood about four feet (1.2 meters) tall at the shoulder, with backward-curving and ringed black horns reaching about 22 inches (56.5 cm) long, and was smaller than the closely related roan and sable antelopes.

"Humans did this. European settlers shot the bluebuck out of the Cape in under 34 years. There's no ambiguity about the cause and there's no ambiguity about the responsibility. If we have the capability to right that wrong, I think we have an obligation to," Lamm said.

The company in April 2025 announced the birth of three genetically engineered wolf pups created with the help of ancient DNA obtained from fossilized remains of dire wolves, an Ice Age predator that went extinct roughly 13,000 years ago. The process used to create them involved editing the genes of the gray wolf, the closest living relative of the extinct species, to add dire wolf traits, and creating an embryo.

In the case of the bluebuck, Colossal is editing the genes of an African antelope called the roan, its closest living relative.

"We are now in the genome-editing phase, where we introduce key bluebuck edits and genes into roan antelope cells," Lamm said, adding, "After finishing the various edits, the next step will be to use the edited cells to create an embryo and move toward implantation. From there, gestation would take about nine months."

The plan is for the embryo to be implanted into a surrogate roan mother. Through cloning, embryos were created from edited gray wolf cells in the dire wolf project, and these were implanted in surrogate domesticated dog mothers.

A MUSEUM SPECIMEN

Lamm said the company mainly used a mounted bluebuck skin from a young male specimen at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm to obtain bluebuck DNA.

The team compared the bluebuck and roan genomes to understand what made the bluebuck unique, Lamm said, noting that the two species are more than 98% genomically similar. The team has created pluripotent stem cells in roan antelope - "essentially versatile 'starter cells' that can become many different cell types," Lamm said.

"We've also made breakthroughs in reproductive methods, including successfully collecting eggs from antelope species using advanced techniques," Lamm said.

Even as a growing number of species slip into oblivion due to human actions including hunting and habitat destruction, scientists have debated the ethics of attempting to resurrect extinct species.

"Honestly, I think the debate sometimes functions as a way to avoid a harder conversation, which is that conservation as currently practiced is not winning. We are losing species faster than our existing toolkit can address," Lamm said.

Colossal called the wolves it created dire wolves and referred to the species as the world's first successfully "de-extincted" animal. Some outside experts described them as genetically modified gray wolves.

"The dire wolves are doing great," Lamm said.

"The three dire wolves live on a 2,000-acre (810-hectare) secure, expansive ecological preserve that allows us to monitor and manage them while providing them a semi-wild habitat to thrive in. We hope to have more dire wolf pups by the end of the year. We will also have scientific progress announcements around the mammoth, dodo, thylacine and moa before the end of the year, but the projects are all running on track," Lamm said.