For two years, Malaysian conservationists tracked a tiger named "Bulan" as she raised four cubs. Then a fatal traffic accident made her another statistic in the country's dwindling population.
Malaysia's national animal is in trouble.
Poaching, food loss and diminishing habitat have slashed the population from 3,000 in the 1950s to less than 150 roaming free today, according to official estimates.
The government said last month it was ramping up efforts to combat wildlife crime, introducing AI-enabled camera traps and methods to detect smuggling at airports.
But experts and officials admit that resources fall far short of what is needed to protect the country's famed big cat, listed as critically endangered.
Bulan (Moon in Malay) was killed on the East-West Highway, a throughfare notorious for animal traffic incidents.
"We were devastated when we lost her," said Lara Ariffin, president of the Tiger Protection Society of Malaysia (RIMAU).
"Not only that, she was butchered after she was run over," Ariffin told AFP, showing graphic pictures of the animal's carcass.
"They took her canines, they took her claws. For me, it was like desecrating the dead."
The fate of the apex predator's population leapt back into local headlines recently after a dead tiger was found in the back of a car in southern Johor state, sparking public outrage.
Three poachers were later handed seven-year jail sentences and a $59,000 fine, but experts say the business remains enticing.
'Serious money'
A single Malayan tiger carcass can fetch around $60,000 on the black market, according to Malaysia's Department of Wildlife and National Parks.
Tiger bones go for about $1,186 per kilogram, while teeth, claws, and even whiskers -- used in acupuncture -- fetch around $118 each, Kadir said.
The department did not respond to AFP's request for comment.
Even animals that escape poachers can be harmed by snares made from cheap plastic, rope or metal cable.
Camera traps have spotted animals with injuries or even missing limbs.
Research shows Malaysia feeds demand for tiger parts in Vietnam and further afield in China, with cross-border poaching syndicates using drug, gun and human trafficking routes to move their wares.
The first six months of 2025 saw 201 wildlife smuggling arrests and seized illegal assets valued at $30.5 million, Malaysia's top internal security and public order police officer told local media.
"These figures tell you poaching is no longer a small-scale crime. It is organized, cross-border -- and backed by serious money," Azmi Abu Kassim said.
'No overnight success'
The Malaysian government admits it has limited manpower, funding and equipment to deal with the challenge, though there are efforts to address the problem.
Joint operations by Malaysian police and wildlife services have resulted in hundreds of arrests and millions of dollars in seizures, officials said.
And community-based ranger programs run by NGOs like RIMAU employ more than 1,000 local community members.
"Malaysia has made great progress in fighting illegal poaching," said Ariffin, who produced a documentary called "Malaysia's Last Tigers".
"We are moving in the right direction, but there is no guaranteed success overnight."
The local chapter of the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society estimates at least 5,000 rangers are needed to properly patrol Malaysia tiger habitats.
"The first line of defense is not there, meaning we don't have enough front-line rangers to protect our wildlife from poachers," WCS country director Mark Rayan Darmaraj told AFP.
"Poachers are still able to operate simply because they outnumber enforcement personnel, and once they're inside the jungle, it's like looking for a needle in a haystack," he said.
That's a view echoed by other NGOs working on conservation.
"The issue is not a lack of commitment, but a lack of capacity," WWF-Malaysia told AFP.
"The next 10 years will decide whether we can bring back the roar of the Malayan tiger."
