Despite the catastrophic state of the Palestinian economy, Faraj al-Atrash, operator of a quarry in the occupied West Bank, proudly points to an armada of machines busy eating away at sheer walls of dusty white rock that stretch into the distance.
"This here is considered the main source of revenue for the entire region", Atrash said at the site near the town of Beit Fajjar, close to the city of Hebron.
The quarry is a source of Jerusalem stone, the famed pale rock used throughout the Holy Land and beyond for millennia and which gives much of the region its distinctive architectural look.
But Atrash, in his fifties, said "our livelihood is constantly under threat".
"Lately, I feel like the occupation (Israel) has begun to fight us on the economic front," he said.
Atrash fears the confiscation of the quarry's industrial equipment, the expansion of Israeli settlements and the Palestinian financial crisis, said AFP.
The war in Gaza, triggered by Hamas's October 2023 attack on Israel, dealt a severe blow to a Palestinian economy that was already in poor shape.
The Palestinian territories are "currently going through the most severe economic crisis ever recorded," according to a report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development presented in late November.
Israel, which has occupied the West Bank since 1967, has recently set up hundreds of new checkpoints across the territory, paralyzing commercial transport.
Beyond restrictions on freedom of movement, a halt in permits for West Bank Palestinians seeking work inside Israel has also had a severe impact.
- Soaring costs -
"There are problems with exports and market access because we used to export most of the stone to Israel, and after October 7, we ran into difficulties," explained Ibrahim Jaradat, whose family has owned a quarry for more than 40 years near Sair, also near Hebron.
The Palestinian Authority, which exercises partial civilian control over some of the West Bank, is on the brink of bankruptcy.
Public services are functioning worse than ever, Atrash said, adding that fixed costs such as water and electricity had soared.
Quarries account for 4.5 percent of Palestinian GDP and employ nearly 20,000 workers, according to the Hebron Chamber of Commerce.
Around 65 percent of exports are destined for the Israeli market, where some municipalities mandate the use of Jerusalem stone.
"The people who buy the stones from us to resell them to construction sites are mostly Israelis," said Abu Walid Riyad Gaith, a 65-year-old quarry operator.
He lamented what he said was a lack of solidarity from Arab countries, which he said do not buy enough of the rock.
- 'Afraid to build' -
Other threats hang over the industry.
Most of the roughly 300 quarries in the West Bank are located in Area C, land which falls under full Israeli authority and covers the vast majority of its settlements.
"Many (Israeli) settlers pass through here, and if Israel annexes Palestine, it will start with these areas," said one operator, speaking on condition of anonymity.
Some members of Israel's government, one of the most right-wing in the country's history, openly discuss plans to annex parts or all of the West Bank.
Israeli settlements in the West Bank are illegal under international law.
They are expanding at the fastest rate since at least 2017, when the United Nations began tracking such data, according to a recent report by the UN chief.
The physical demands of working in a quarry are intense, but for many Palestinians there are few other options as the West Bank's economy wilts.
"We are working ourselves to death," Atrash said, pointing to his ten laborers moving back and forth in monumental pits where clouds of dust coat them in a white film.
In the neighboring quarry, blinking and coughing as he struggled with the intense work was a former geography teacher.
With the Palestinian Authority's budget crisis meaning he was no longer receiving his salary, he had looked for work in the only local place still hiring.
All the laborers AFP spoke to said they suffered from back, eye and throat problems.
"We call it white gold," said Laith Derriyeh, employed by a stonemason, "because it normally brings in substantial amounts of money".
"But today everything is complicated; it's very difficult to think about the future."
"People have no money, and those who do are afraid to build," he added.
