Iraqis celebrated the departure of US forces after more than two decades of war on Wednesday, though many feared that any security vacuum could increase the power of Iran-backed armed factions or provide an opening for the return of the ISIS group.
The withdrawal of the final troops, mainly from an airbase in Erbil in the semi-autonomous Kurdish region, ended the biggest US war of the century, which brought widespread devastation and chaos from which Iraq has yet to fully emerge.
Iran, which has entrenched its influence in Iraq through allied armed groups and is determined to drive all US forces out of the Middle East, views the US pullout as a triumph for its "axis of resistance" of allied armed groups across the region.
Iraqi troops paraded in vehicles through the streets of Baghdad and the city of Najaf to mark the pullout.
The withdrawal "fills our hearts with joy," said Baghdad resident Ahmed Salah, who said he felt reborn at the age of 70. But he also said it was now time for powerful armed factions to surrender their weapons, "and let the government be the one responsible to protect me and you on the ground, sky and water."
The pullout was agreed in 2024 under President Joe Biden and carried out by Donald Trump's administration even as it wages war against Iran next door.
US forces invaded to topple Iraqi ruler Saddam Hussein in 2003, triggering years of upheaval and chaos. The Americans initially left at the end of 2011 but came back less than three years later to assist Iraqi forces after ISIS fighters seized a third of Iraq and imposed violent rule.
Trump said that the United States leaves Iraq with "wonderful" Prime Minister Ali Faleh al-Zaidi, saying in a Truth Social post that he would "hopefully be able to handle things very well."
More than 4,500 US troops died in Iraq, around twice as many as in the parallel war in Afghanistan. The Iraq Body Count project says more than 200,000 Iraqi civilians were killed.
The Pentagon said the United States and its coalition partners formally concluded "Operation Inherent Resolve" and Washington would continue to provide targeted training and intelligence support to Iraqi partners.
The Iraqis are expected to lead the effort to secure the country, an ally of both Washington and Tehran, and keep the remnants of ISIS suppressed.
“The end of the international coalition’s mission does not mean the end of our battle against terrorism, but rather Iraq’s transition to a phase in which it assumes full responsibility for its security and stability," said al-Zaidi in a statement.
'SECURITY VACUUMS CAN BE EXTREMELY DANGEROUS'
While the departure of US forces is broadly popular among Iraqis, some worry that security forces trained and funded by the United States still can't protect the country.
"The lesson from the past two decades is that security vacuums can be extremely dangerous," said Jassim al-Bahadli, an Iraqi analyst who advises the security forces.
Adil Salman, 45, a high school English teacher, said Iraqis "should not rush to celebrate" the withdrawal.
"Armed factions still operate outside the state's control and ISIS still has not disappeared," he said. "I'm concerned that the US departure could lead to a new period of instability. In the end, people will judge this decision by one thing: whether security remains stable in the coming years."
Hundreds of supporters of pro-Iranian Iraqi armed groups gathered in Baghdad to celebrate the pullout, chanting "Death to America".
They carried portraits of Iran's slain Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, his son Mojtaba, who succeeded him, and top Iranian General Qasem Soleimani, who was killed in a US airstrike on his convoy in Baghdad in 2020.
With US forces present alongside armed groups allied to Iran, Iraq has been caught up in this year's war.
Of the 18 US service members listed as killed since Trump launched "Operation Epic Fury" alongside Israel in February, seven died in Iraq. The last was an army sergeant who died during the controlled detonation of a drone at a base near Erbil in July.
The withdrawal raises "the possibility that Iran's proxies will feel increasingly empowered in the absence of a Western military presence. These groups may attempt to expand their role in shaping state policies and consolidating their presence within key institutions," said Baghdad-based political analyst Ahmed Younis.
Some Iraqi security officials say the US pullout also risks giving new life to ISIS fighters, who, despite their defeat nearly a decade ago, retain a sleeper cell network.
The last time the US withdrew, the Iraqi army proved no match for ISIS: soldiers took off their uniforms and fled when the group captured Mosul, Iraq's second-largest city, in 2014.
"The most important question now is whether Iraq's security institutions have prepared a viable Plan B for the post-coalition phase," said retired Iraqi Army General Mohammed al-Jubouri, who led a brigade in the war against ISIS.
