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Notre Dame Cathedral is Going to Unveil its New Interior, a Watershed in its Rebirth from Fire

Notre-Dame cathedral rector Olivier Ribadeau Dumas (C) blesses the bell donated by Paris 2024 Olympic Games Organizing Committee (COJO), rung by Olympic medalists during the Paris Games, for its installation in Notre-Dame Cathedral, ahead of the monument's forthcoming reopening after a massive fire and five years of rebuilding efforts, in Paris, France, 07 November 2024. EPA/CHRISTOPHE PETIT TESSON
Notre-Dame cathedral rector Olivier Ribadeau Dumas (C) blesses the bell donated by Paris 2024 Olympic Games Organizing Committee (COJO), rung by Olympic medalists during the Paris Games, for its installation in Notre-Dame Cathedral, ahead of the monument's forthcoming reopening after a massive fire and five years of rebuilding efforts, in Paris, France, 07 November 2024. EPA/CHRISTOPHE PETIT TESSON
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Notre Dame Cathedral is Going to Unveil its New Interior, a Watershed in its Rebirth from Fire

Notre-Dame cathedral rector Olivier Ribadeau Dumas (C) blesses the bell donated by Paris 2024 Olympic Games Organizing Committee (COJO), rung by Olympic medalists during the Paris Games, for its installation in Notre-Dame Cathedral, ahead of the monument's forthcoming reopening after a massive fire and five years of rebuilding efforts, in Paris, France, 07 November 2024. EPA/CHRISTOPHE PETIT TESSON
Notre-Dame cathedral rector Olivier Ribadeau Dumas (C) blesses the bell donated by Paris 2024 Olympic Games Organizing Committee (COJO), rung by Olympic medalists during the Paris Games, for its installation in Notre-Dame Cathedral, ahead of the monument's forthcoming reopening after a massive fire and five years of rebuilding efforts, in Paris, France, 07 November 2024. EPA/CHRISTOPHE PETIT TESSON

After more than five years of frenetic reconstruction work, Notre Dame Cathedral is going to unveil its new self to the world on Friday, a watershed in the rebirth from its devastating fire in 2019.
The occasion is French President Emmanuel Macron's final visit to the construction site to see the restored interiors for himself before the iconic monument's reopening for worship on Dec. 8.
His two-hour tour is being televised live. The images are expected to be breathtaking, showing creamy renovated stonework, vibrant colors, and other fruits of the mammoth reconstruction, The Associated Press said.
Joined by artisans, architects, business leaders, and donors, Macron is expected to pay tribute to the craftsmanship and dedication of all those who worked to bring Notre Dame back to life.
Macron is scheduled to inspect the restored nave, no longer ripped open by giant holes that the fire tore out of its vaults. He is also to see the rebuilt timber-framed roof, rebuilt with wood from hundreds of oak trees, and other highlights of the reconstruction.
Joined by a group of 700 artisans, architects, business leaders, and donors, Macron is paying tribute to the craftsmanship and dedication behind the restoration effort.
The visit kicks off a series of events ushering in the reopening of the 12th-century Gothic masterpiece.
Macron will return on Dec. 7 to deliver an address and attend the consecration of the new altar during a solemn Mass the following day.
Macron's administration is hailing the reconstruction as a symbol of national unity and French can-do.

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Muddy Footprints Suggest 2 Species of Early Humans Were Neighbors in Kenya 1.5 Million Years Ago

An aerial view shows a research team standing alongside the fossil footprint trackway at the excavation site on the eastern side of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya in 2022. AP
An aerial view shows a research team standing alongside the fossil footprint trackway at the excavation site on the eastern side of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya in 2022. AP
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Muddy Footprints Suggest 2 Species of Early Humans Were Neighbors in Kenya 1.5 Million Years Ago

An aerial view shows a research team standing alongside the fossil footprint trackway at the excavation site on the eastern side of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya in 2022. AP
An aerial view shows a research team standing alongside the fossil footprint trackway at the excavation site on the eastern side of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya in 2022. AP

Muddy footprints left on a Kenyan lakeside suggest two of our early human ancestors were nearby neighbors some 1.5 million years ago.
The footprints were left in the mud by two different species “within a matter of hours, or at most days,” said paleontologist Louise Leakey, co-author of the research published Thursday in the journal Science.
Scientists previously knew from fossil remains that these two extinct branches of the human evolutionary tree – called Homo erectus and Paranthropus boisei – lived about the same time in the Turkana Basin.
But dating fossils is not exact. “It’s plus or minus a few thousand years,” said paleontologist William Harcourt-Smith of Lehman College and the American Museum of Natural History in New York, who was not involved in the study.
Yet with fossil footprints, “there’s an actual moment in time preserved,” he said. “It’s an amazing discovery.”
The tracks of fossil footprints were uncovered in 2021 in what is today Koobi Fora, Kenya, said Leaky, who is based at New York's Stony Brook University.
Whether the two individuals passed by the eastern side of Lake Turkana at the same time – or a day or two apart – they likely knew of each other’s existence, said study co-author Kevin Hatala, a paleoanthropologist at Chatham University in Pittsburgh.
“They probably saw each other, probably knew each other was there and probably influenced each other in some way,” The Associated Press quoted him as saying.
Scientists were able to distinguish between the two species because of the shape of the footprints, which holds clues to the anatomy of the foot and how it’s being used.
H. erectus appeared to be walking similar to how modern humans walk – striking the ground heel first, then rolling weight over the ball of the foot and toes and pushing off again.
The other species, which was also walking upright, was moving “in a different way from anything else we’ve seen before, anywhere else,” said co-author Erin Marie Williams-Hatala, a human evolutionary anatomist at Chatham.
Among other details, the footprints suggest more mobility in their big toe, compared to H. erectus or modern humans, said Hatala.
Our common primate ancestors probably had hands and feet adapted for grasping branches, but over time the feet of human ancestors evolved to enable walking upright, researchers say.
The new study adds to a growing body of research that implies this transformation to bipedalism – walking on two feet — didn’t happen at a single moment, in a single way.
Rather, there may have been a variety of ways that early humans learned to walk, run, stumble and slide on prehistoric muddy slopes.
“It turns out, there are different gait mechanics – different ways of being bipedal,” said Harcourt-Smith.