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Prince Mohammed bin Salman Royal Reserve Reveals Five Species New to Global Science

The latest discoveries bring the total number of terrestrial species identified in the reserve to 791 - SPA
The latest discoveries bring the total number of terrestrial species identified in the reserve to 791 - SPA
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Prince Mohammed bin Salman Royal Reserve Reveals Five Species New to Global Science

The latest discoveries bring the total number of terrestrial species identified in the reserve to 791 - SPA
The latest discoveries bring the total number of terrestrial species identified in the reserve to 791 - SPA

The Prince Mohammed bin Salman Royal Reserve has announced groundbreaking discoveries, including five species new to global science, three species previously unrecorded in Saudi Arabia, and 34 new global range extensions.
These discoveries bring the total number of terrestrial species identified in the reserve to 791. Although the reserve encompasses just 1% of Saudi Arabia’s terrestrial area, it is home to more than 50% of the Kingdom’s terrestrial species. The findings are the culmination of four years of intensive ecological baseline studies led by Saudi and international experts, SPA reported.
Chief Executive Officer of the Prince Mohammed bin Salman Royal Reserve Andrew Zaloumis highlighted the global significance of these discoveries, stating: “At a time when the IUCN has warned that 28% of species globally are at risk of extinction, these discoveries underscore the importance of the Prince Mohammed bin Salman Royal Reserve as a bioclimatic refugium. As climate change increasingly impacts traditional habitats, the reserve serves as a sanctuary for species. The iconic Wadi Al-Disah, with over 200 documented species, is a key site on UNESCO’s tentative list for the World Heritage Bioclimatic Refugia of Western Arabia. These achievements were made possible through strong collaboration between natural scientists from Saudi Arabia and 14 other countries over the past four years.”
Among the five species new to science are two reptiles and three plants, each with ecological and cultural significance. The gecko (Hemidactylus sp.) features distinctive brown horizontal stripes from neck to tail and white nodules along its back. This gecko preys on small invertebrates, such as mosquitoes, playing a vital role in pest control within desert ecosystems. The Hejaz black-collared snake (Rhynchocalamus hejazicus), a small, non-venomous species, is bright red with a striking black collar.
The three plants include the globe thistle (Echinops sp. aff. glaberrimus) from the Asteraceae family, which supports pollinators with its vibrant blooms and has historically been used medicinally for infections and inflammation. The mignonette (Reseda sp. aff. muricata), valued for its herbal properties, is commonly used in teas and perfumery. The hogbean (Hyoscyamus sp.) from the Nightshade family has a complex history, having been utilized as both a poison and in early anesthesiology and palliative care.
Since 2021, the reserve has partnered with organizations such as KAUST to conduct seasonal ecological surveys that document biodiversity and seasonal variations across taxonomical groups. To date, these efforts have recorded 461 plant species, including three new to science, one new to Saudi Arabia, and 11 global range extensions.
The surveys have also documented 240 bird species, including seven global range extensions, along with 39 reptile species, 18 bat species, 31 rodent and large mammal species, one amphibian, and one freshwater fish.
Senior Restoration and Wildlife Ecologist at Prince Mohammed bin Salman Royal Reserve Development Authority Josh Smithson remarked on the challenges of surveying the reserve. He explained that its vast size and ecological diversity required a phased approach, starting with high-value ecological areas and progressively expanding study sites. Eco-monitoring programs now complement this baseline work, enhancing the understanding of ecological functionality and diversity while informing reserve management plans.
The Prince Mohammed bin Salman Royal Reserve has published four peer-reviewed academic papers on its biodiversity, with four additional papers awaiting publication. The reserve remains committed to sharing its findings with the local and global scientific and conservation community.

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Varieties

'Secret Highway' to Mars Could Cut Journey Time to 153 Days

Chance may lead us to the shortest paths in space as well. (Shutterstock)
Chance may lead us to the shortest paths in space as well. (Shutterstock)
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'Secret Highway' to Mars Could Cut Journey Time to 153 Days

Chance may lead us to the shortest paths in space as well. (Shutterstock)
Chance may lead us to the shortest paths in space as well. (Shutterstock)

Astronomers have identified a new space corridor that could cut hundreds of days from the journey to Mars by taking advantage of a natural route followed by some asteroids as they travel between planets.

The distance between Earth and Mars constantly changes depending on their positions and orbital speeds around the Sun. It reaches its shortest point when Earth lies directly between the Sun and the Red Planet, a phenomenon known as “Mars opposition,” which occurs roughly every 26 months.

Even so, reaching Mars currently takes between seven and 10 months, even using the fastest spacecraft available. But the newly identified space corridor, which opens during periods when the two planets are relatively close, could reduce the total mission time to just 153 days.

Space agencies typically plan planetary missions by analyzing planetary orbital data to determine optimal flight paths and fuel requirements. However, this newly identified corridor was discovered through the study of asteroid orbital data instead.

Astronomers explored whether asteroid trajectories could reveal hidden shortcuts through space, focusing on asteroid 2001 CA21, which is believed to cross the orbital paths of both Earth and Mars.

Researchers analyzed the asteroid’s close approaches to Mars, a trajectory that could allow spacecraft to follow a more direct route to the Red Planet. They also examined Mars opposition windows in 2027, 2029, and 2031 to determine which offered the best conditions for a shorter journey.

The study found that 2031 is the only year in which the geometry of Earth and Mars aligns favorably with the asteroid’s orbital plane, making the rapid route possible.

The researchers said in the study, published in Acta Astronautica and cited by The Independent: “The 2031 Mars opposition supports two complete round-trip missions in less than one year while aligning with the orbital plane associated with asteroid CA21, demonstrating how small-body orbital data can help identify rapid interplanetary transfer opportunities at an early stage.”

They added: “This study presents an innovative engineering methodology for designing rapid interplanetary missions.”

The research team hopes future studies into the orbital dynamics of near-Earth asteroids will contribute to developing faster and more efficient designs for interplanetary space travel.

Varieties

Study Shows How Potato-based Diet Changed Genetics of Andean People

FILE PHOTO: A woman sells potatoes at La Parada market in La Victoria district of Lima, Peru, June 14, 2017. REUTERS/Mariana Bazo/File Photo
FILE PHOTO: A woman sells potatoes at La Parada market in La Victoria district of Lima, Peru, June 14, 2017. REUTERS/Mariana Bazo/File Photo
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Study Shows How Potato-based Diet Changed Genetics of Andean People

FILE PHOTO: A woman sells potatoes at La Parada market in La Victoria district of Lima, Peru, June 14, 2017. REUTERS/Mariana Bazo/File Photo
FILE PHOTO: A woman sells potatoes at La Parada market in La Victoria district of Lima, Peru, June 14, 2017. REUTERS/Mariana Bazo/File Photo

Indigenous people in the Andes domesticated the potato - a great source of starch, vitamins, minerals and fiber - 6,000 to 10,000 years ago, making this tuber a central part of their diet.

These people then experienced genetic adaptations beneficial for such a diet that are still seen in their descendants living in Peru.

New genomic research documents how these descendants - speakers of the Quechua language of the once-great Inca Empire - underwent fortification involving a gene called AMY1 that is involved in starch digestion, a function useful for people with a potato-centric diet.

The study found that these people possess an average of 10 copies of AMY1 - two to four more than most people. No other known population globally exceeds that number. According to Reuters, the study also showed that the onset of these genetic changes in this population coincided with the advent of potato domestication.

"It is a wonderful case of culture shaping biology," said evolutionary and anthropological geneticist Omer Gokcumen of the University at Buffalo, one of the senior ⁠authors of the ⁠research published this week in the journal Nature Communications.

"This highlights the importance of dietary adaptation in human evolutionary history, with implications for metabolism, health and the impact of domestication events on human biology," said UCLA anthropological geneticist Abigail Bigham, also one of the study's senior authors.

At the molecular level, AMY1 governs an enzyme called amylase that is present in saliva and is responsible for breaking down starch in the mouth when a person eats starchy foods. A person with more copies of the gene may produce more of the enzyme.

This greater dosage, the researchers said, may facilitate better metabolism of ⁠high-starch diets. Amylase may also be involved in regulating the microbiome - the body's natural collection of microbes - which can shift with dietary change.

Lactose tolerance is another example of diet-driven evolutionary adaptation, involving a gene related to an enzyme that breaks down lactose in milk.

In the new study, the researchers analyzed genomic data spanning more than 3,700 people across 85 populations in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia, including 81 native Quechua speakers of Andean ancestry in Peru.

The researchers said it appears that over time evolutionary forces favored extra copies of AMY1 in the ancient Andeans.

In order to become widespread, a genetic variant may provide some advantage.

"Therefore, one hypothesis is that people with more copies of AMY1 may have been better able to process starch-rich foods, including potatoes," University at Buffalo doctoral student and study co-lead author Luane Landau said.

"Individuals who were born with the higher copies of AMY1 may have had an ⁠advantage as compared to ⁠individuals who did not have it, and left more descendants over generations.

Over time, this could explain why the genetic version linked to high AMY1 copy number became more common in Andean populations today," Landau said.

Potatoes represented a reliable food source - a crop that thrived at the high altitudes these people inhabited.

"They were one of the main sources for calories in the ancient Andean diet," University at Buffalo doctoral student and study co-lead author Kendra Scheer said.

Potatoes were at the heart of the Inca food supply. They were brought to Europe and the rest of the world following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in the 16th century.

"Their global culinary spread is a testament to their broad likeability," Bigham said.

At markets in the Andean highlands and elsewhere in Peru, Quechua speakers sell a wide variety of potatoes, with flesh of various colors including purple, blue, red, gold, white and even black.

"In Peru, there are about 3,000 to 4,000 different kinds of potato, but the majority of the world has access to only a select few strains. Therefore, there is a whole world of different types of French fries that are possible," Scheer said.

Varieties

Court Rules in ‘Sunbed War,’ Towels Lose

A pool with sunbeds at a luxury resort (Shutterstock)
A pool with sunbeds at a luxury resort (Shutterstock)
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Court Rules in ‘Sunbed War,’ Towels Lose

A pool with sunbeds at a luxury resort (Shutterstock)
A pool with sunbeds at a luxury resort (Shutterstock)

A German tourist has won a payout of more than €900 (£850) after he was unable to secure a sun lounger due to other guests reserving them with towels, according to BBC.

The man, who has not been identified, was on holiday in Greece with his family in 2024, and said he spent 20 minutes a day trying to find a sun lounger, despite waking up at 06:00.

He then sued his tour operator for allowing the reservation system, arguing the sunbeds were reserved so often, they were unusable.

Judges at a district court in Hanover ruled in his favor, and said the family of four were entitled to a larger refund on their package holiday as it had been “defective.”

The man had initially paid €7,186 (£6,211) to take his wife and their two children on the package holiday to Kos, an island in Greece.

In his arguments to court, he said that his tour operator had failed to enforce the resort's ban on towel reserving, and did not confront guests who were engaging in the practice.

He added that even when his family rose at 06:00, loungers were unavailable, and his children were forced to lie on the floor.

Though the tour operator had initially paid out a refund of €350 (£302), judges in Hanover ruled the family was entitled to a refund of €986.70 (£852.89).

They said that although the travel company did not run the hotel and could not ensure every customer could access a sunbed at any given time, the operator did have an obligation to make sure there was an organizational structure that would guarantee a “reasonable” ratio of sunbeds to guests.

Many tourists will have encountered “sunbed wars” or “dawn dash” on holiday, which is the practice of reserving loungers with towels.