Lebanon’s Economy Between Scenarios of Argentina, Venezuela

A worker cleans receipts from an ATM machine outside a closed Blom bank branch in the southern city of Sidon, Lebanon November 12, 2019. REUTERS/Ali Hashisho
A worker cleans receipts from an ATM machine outside a closed Blom bank branch in the southern city of Sidon, Lebanon November 12, 2019. REUTERS/Ali Hashisho
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Lebanon’s Economy Between Scenarios of Argentina, Venezuela

A worker cleans receipts from an ATM machine outside a closed Blom bank branch in the southern city of Sidon, Lebanon November 12, 2019. REUTERS/Ali Hashisho
A worker cleans receipts from an ATM machine outside a closed Blom bank branch in the southern city of Sidon, Lebanon November 12, 2019. REUTERS/Ali Hashisho

The complex Lebanese crisis opened the door for comparison with previous crises that took place in other countries, in search of common points for which international entities found effective solutions, with the hope of facilitating the process of soliciting rescue programs.

Bank of America’s Merrill Lynch prepared a study last year about the debt restructuring imposed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and its impact on the banking sector.

The study considered that Lebanon was close to countries such as Mozambique, Cyprus, and Barbados, which are debt-ridden states and have a high percentage of public finance deficits relative to GDP.

Many experts, however, consider that Lebanon may be closer to Argentina, while others describe it as “another Greece”.

In this context, Dr. Pierre Khoury, economist, says: “There is a fundamental error when comparing Lebanon’s experience with Argentina, as the latter has entered into structural adjustment programs with the IMF, which are programs that are based on an essential change in the economic and social structure, redistribution of income and factors of production.”

According to Khoury, Argentina has made an explicit political decision to follow the policy of the IMF, based on political harmony and leadership, which has not seen sharp differences over the cooperation with the Fund.

“In the past two years, the IMF secured massive financing for Argentina in two phases, the first reaching USD 50 billion, and then an additional USD 7 billion was added to it,” he explained.

“In Lebanon, there is no unified view of how to get out of the economic crisis,” Khoury said.

“Politically, there is a major rift between political parties on cooperation with the IMF through a specific program.”

Khoury noted that the IMF only “gives money based on agreement on a reform program that restructures the economy towards further liberalizing the sector and opening it to the outside, and creating an economic environment that encourages the flow of capital, by signing a clear-cut agreement, which includes executive steps linked to specific timetables.”

Based on these points, Khoury believes that Lebanon is more inclined in its crisis towards the Venezuelan model – the oil-rich country. This advantage is still only a probability in Lebanon, at the present time.

Khoury added that the economic, political and financial blockade led to the collapse of the internal economy of Venezuela, and the disruption of the international payment system, in addition to the crisis mismanagement of President Nicolas Maduro’s government.

He noted that Lebanon had common points with Venezuela, whether the set of mistakes in the public administration of the state, the lack of a long-term view, the dangers of geopolitical conflicts and their potential impact on the economic activity and the lack of international flows, as well as corruption.

“Lebanon is witnessing a sharp division in politics, especially with regards to the IMF assistance... All these matters make Lebanon close to the Venezuelan model,” Khoury underlined.



While Global Oil Demand Drops, US Drivers Keep Buying More Gas

A man stands near his car at a gas station in Austin, Texas - July 10, 2026 (AFP)
A man stands near his car at a gas station in Austin, Texas - July 10, 2026 (AFP)
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While Global Oil Demand Drops, US Drivers Keep Buying More Gas

A man stands near his car at a gas station in Austin, Texas - July 10, 2026 (AFP)
A man stands near his car at a gas station in Austin, Texas - July 10, 2026 (AFP)

While global oil demand is set to decline this year due to the US-Iran conflict, gasoline consumption in the United States increased in the second quarter of 2026.

Gasoline prices surpassed $4.50 on average for a gallon of regular in the US in May, rising more than 50% since the start of the war, according to AAA data.

But that didn’t stop drivers from hitting the road; in fact, gasoline consumption rose in the US during the second quarter of the year, according to AP.

One reason may be because the percentage of household income spent on gasoline in the US has been declining for years, said Daniel Sternoff, senior fellow at the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University. Plus, many people have been transitioning from remote work to in-office jobs, he added.

“Even though it’s a really political price that people pay a lot of attention to, if you are in the higher quintiles of income in the US, you might grumble about it, but you’re not really driving less just because of that increase in prices,” Sternoff said.

Jim Burkhard, vice president and head of crude oil research at S&P Global Energy, said, “The future of Hormuz is probably more uncertain today than it was at the beginning of the war.”

Burkhard said Iran is still trying to control the strait, while the US has not been able to fully restore normal operations, making a return to prewar conditions unlikely.

Global oil demand averaged just 97.9 million barrels per day in May, down 5.3 million barrels per day from a year earlier. Much of the decline was in Asia, which relies heavily on oil from the Middle East.

According to a report from the International Energy Agency Global, oil demand is set to decline this year for the first time since the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

The drop, which the agency expects to amount to about 1 million barrels per day in 2026, is due to higher oil prices and disruptions to physical supply that weighed heavily, but unevenly, on various parts of the world, the report said.

The supply disruptions were caused by the war between the US and Iran, which left ships loaded with crude oil stranded in the Arabian Gulf for more than three months, unable to safely travel through the Strait of Hormuz, a major route for oil and gas shipments.

But the main exception to the global slump in oil usage was in the US, where gasoline use increased in the second quarter of 2026, despite the fact that pump prices were about 50% above their prewar levels in May, the report said.


Eni Warns Oil Market Risks Breaking Out of Current Range if Iran War Continues

 Tugboats guide the crude oil tanker Odessa, carrying UAE crude after passing through the Strait of Hormuz with its Automatic Identification System transponder turned off, navigates the waters at Daesan port, where it is expected to discharge crude oil, in Seosan, South Korea, May 8, 2026. (Reuters)
Tugboats guide the crude oil tanker Odessa, carrying UAE crude after passing through the Strait of Hormuz with its Automatic Identification System transponder turned off, navigates the waters at Daesan port, where it is expected to discharge crude oil, in Seosan, South Korea, May 8, 2026. (Reuters)
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Eni Warns Oil Market Risks Breaking Out of Current Range if Iran War Continues

 Tugboats guide the crude oil tanker Odessa, carrying UAE crude after passing through the Strait of Hormuz with its Automatic Identification System transponder turned off, navigates the waters at Daesan port, where it is expected to discharge crude oil, in Seosan, South Korea, May 8, 2026. (Reuters)
Tugboats guide the crude oil tanker Odessa, carrying UAE crude after passing through the Strait of Hormuz with its Automatic Identification System transponder turned off, navigates the waters at Daesan port, where it is expected to discharge crude oil, in Seosan, South Korea, May 8, 2026. (Reuters)

The global oil market will break out of its roughly $80-$100 range by the first quarter of 2027 at the latest, boosting inflation and reducing energy demand, if the Middle East conflict continues, Claudio Descalzi, the CEO of Italian state-controlled group Eni said.

The release of stockpiles has helped to keep crude prices largely within that range ⁠so far, he said in an interview with Il Sole 24 Ore newspaper published on Saturday.

Oil prices ended the week with solid gains despite easing from their midweek peaks following renewed US-Iran hostilities and attacks on shipping in the Strait of Hormuz.

Brent crude climbed above $75 a barrel before falling to the $70 averages, close to its pre-war trading.

Descalzi said the strategy carries growing risks because global reserves are finite.

“The long-term solution is greater energy security through diversification of supply sources and routes,” he said.

In March, the International Energy Agency (IEA) said its member countries have agreed to release 400 million barrels of oil in an attempt to bring down oil prices as the Iran crisis and the consequent disruption of shipments through the Strait of Hormuz inflicted massive shocks to energy markets.

The IEA’s maximum drawdown capability aims to decrease the safety margin in oil markets, increasing the likelihood of sharp, structural price fluctuations if any new supply disruptions emerge.

Every $5 increase in oil prices adds roughly $190 billion ⁠in annual costs to the global economy, according to Reuters calculations based on oil demand of 104 million barrels per day.

At current Brent prices, it would likely cost more than $70 billion to replace reserves drawn down ⁠to mitigate Iran war supply loss.

Descalzi said global oil stocks have fallen by an average 3.8 million barrels per day, accelerating ⁠to 4.6 million bpd in May, as a result of disruption linked to the Iran war that began at the end of February.

He said countries should focus on producers in North ⁠and sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia, while reducing dependence on controlled maritime passages.

Eni has limited exposure to the ⁠Middle East, while most of its upstream production is in Africa and Latin America.

Power demand generated by artificial ⁠intelligence technologies and the rapid expansion of data centers has increased the urgency of ensuring security of energy supply.


Fitch Affirms Saudi Arabia at 'A+', Outlook Stable

A view of the Saudi capital, Riyadh. (SPA)
A view of the Saudi capital, Riyadh. (SPA)
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Fitch Affirms Saudi Arabia at 'A+', Outlook Stable

A view of the Saudi capital, Riyadh. (SPA)
A view of the Saudi capital, Riyadh. (SPA)

Fitch Ratings has affirmed Saudi Arabia's Long-Term Foreign-Currency Issuer Default Rating (IDR) at "A+" with a Stable Outlook, the agency said on Friday.

The rating reflects strong fiscal and external balance sheets, with government debt/GDP and sovereign net foreign assets (SNFA) considerably stronger than the "A" and "AA'" medians, and significant fiscal buffers in the form of deposits and other public sector assets, it added.

"Oil dependence and World Bank Governance Indicators (WBGI) have improved but remain weaknesses. Geopolitical risk is high, but the economy and public finances have been resilient to the US-Iran war," it stressed.

"Fitch forecasts real GDP growth will slow to 0.6% in 2026 due to disruption to trade caused by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz," it continued.

"Flows through the East-West pipeline supported oil production during the war and we expect output to be ramped up to meet external demand following the reopening of the Strait and to rebuild domestic stocks, but at an annual average of 9m b/d it will be below the 2025 level," it said.

"Non-oil growth will be hit by an inability to export petrochemicals during the closure of the Strait, but consumer spending held up and business confidence is recovering."

"Growth will rebound in 2027 as the normalization of flows through the Strait allows higher oil and petrochemicals production, before easing to 2.9% in 2028 The phased opening of gigaprojects (many of which have launched initial operations), the proximity of key events and guidance that the Public Investment Fund will keep domestic spending largely unchanged in its new five-year plan, will also support growth," Fitch noted.

The King Fahd Industrial Port in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia (SPA)

"The fiscal deficit is projected to narrow in 2026 owing to higher oil revenues, as prices will offset lower volumes. Spending will also rise, reflecting the impact of the war, but much of the jump in 1Q was the precautionary frontloading of spending from later in the year," it said.

Fitch forecasts that lower oil revenues will widen the deficit to 4.7% in 2027, consistent with a fiscal breakeven oil price of USD94/b.

Spending is expected to decline in 2027, due to an easing of war-related pressures, lower capex and ongoing efforts to reduce rigidities in current spending. Expenditure adjustment will allow the deficit to narrow in 2028 despite a projected further fall in oil prices.

"Our fiscal projections are consistent with a further increase in debt/GDP, which we project at 41.3% at end-2028 (projected peer median of 58.1%), from 31.8% at end-2025. based on deposits remaining around 10% of GDP," said Fitch.

"Fitch forecasts a small current account surplus for 2026 due to higher oil export revenues. Lower oil prices and ongoing domestic demand growth that has a heavy component of imported goods, services and labor, will lead to a deficit of 5% of GDP by 2028. Current account deficits will be financed by external borrowing and the ongoing reorientation of public assets to domestic from foreign investments," it continued.

"Banks have been resilient to the war and did not require any support measures from the central bank," it stressed. "At end-1Q, non-performing loans were 1.1% and the Tier 1 capital ratio 19.2%, both improved from end-2024. Credit growth has slowed, particularly mortgages, in response to policy measures, and is being outpaced by deposit growth."

Fitch maintained its mid-year 2026 sector outlook for Saudi banks at "neutral".