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Trump’s Phase Two Remarks Revive Questions Over Gaza Article 17

Palestinians fill water containers at the Nuseirat camp for displaced families in central Gaza (AFP)
Palestinians fill water containers at the Nuseirat camp for displaced families in central Gaza (AFP)
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Trump’s Phase Two Remarks Revive Questions Over Gaza Article 17

Palestinians fill water containers at the Nuseirat camp for displaced families in central Gaza (AFP)
Palestinians fill water containers at the Nuseirat camp for displaced families in central Gaza (AFP)

A brief and cryptic remark by US President Donald Trump about modifying phase two of the Gaza ceasefire agreement, offered without any details, has stirred questions over how the accord will be executed.

Analysts say the comment points to a possible change in implementing the deal’s provisions rather than adjusting its core terms.

Instead of moving toward an Israeli withdrawal from the enclave, where Israel controls about 55% of the territory, and the disarmament of Hamas, they expect Washington to pivot to article 17, which allows for unilateral application of the peace plan without adhering to its sequencing.

They said phase two will be difficult to reach while key issues remain unresolved, including forming a peace council, establishing a Gaza administrative committee and deploying a stabilization force.

Article 17 of the ceasefire agreement, which took effect on October 10, states that if Hamas delays or rejects the proposal, the measures listed above, including an expanded aid operation, will be carried out in areas free of terrorism that the Israeli army hands over to the international stabilization force.

The peace document signed in October by Hamas and Israel covered only the provisions of what is known as phase one.

This includes an initial truce, the withdrawal of Israeli forces, conditions for exchanging detainees and prisoners and facilitating humanitarian aid. No formal agreement has been reached on phase two, which relates to governing Gaza after the war.

Trump said on Thursday that phase two of his Gaza peace plan will be modified very soon, amid growing concern over its stalled implementation. He did not specify what the changes would entail.

Saeed Okasha, an Israeli affairs analyst at the Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, said Trump may be considering an adjustment anchored in article 17 to prevent the agreement from collapsing.

He said the article opens the way for dividing Gaza into an old Gaza and a new Gaza, an idea recently circulated by US envoy Steve Witkoff in several meetings last month.

Okasha said the amendment remains possible since the agreement was endorsed by the United Nations Security Council last month.

He said article 17 could be reactivated on grounds that Hamas has not met requirements for disarmament or other commitments, adding that such a shift could create a situation of neither war nor peace.

Ayman Al-Raqab, a Palestinian political analyst, said the lack of clarity over Trump’s intended changes has fueled concerns that any adjustment may entrench a division of Gaza at a time when Israel seeks to maintain a long term presence in the enclave. He said this aligns with proposals characterizing a new Gaza and an old Gaza.

Amid the uncertainty, the Axios news site reported that Trump plans to announce the start of phase two and unveil the new governance structure for Gaza before December 25. The site quoted two US officials as saying the formation of the international force and the governing body is in its final stages.

They expect Trump to meet Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu before the end of December to discuss the steps.

Al-Raqab said phase two still faces hurdles, including the absence of a peace council and a technocratic government, the lack of a police force to assume its duties and the pending formation of a stabilization force. He said no major moves are likely before January.

Okasha said he sees no immediate prospect other than Israel expanding the areas it controls in the enclave to about 60% as long as implementation of the agreement remains stalled, though without a major escalation similar to what Israel is carrying out in southern Lebanon.

Several days ago, the Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth reported on an Israeli plan to resettle about two million Palestinians in new areas under Israeli control east of the Yellow Line and to empty areas held by Hamas of all civilians while pursuing Hamas members there over time.

British newspaper The Telegraph also quoted Western diplomats as saying the US plan for Gaza carries the risk of dividing the enclave permanently, entrenching the presence of Israeli forces in the devastated strip.

About a week ago, Egyptian Foreign Minister Badr Abdelatty underscored during a meeting in Barcelona with European Union foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas the importance of preserving the territorial unity of Palestine, including the West Bank and Gaza, and rejected any measures that would entrench separation or undermine prospects for a two state solution.

Abdelatty reiterated that position on Wednesday, saying, “There is no place for talk of dividing Gaza. Gaza is an integrated territorial unit and is an inseparable part of the future Palestinian state together with the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. These are binding international legitimacy resolutions and certainly must be upheld.”

He said consultations continue with relevant parties on forming a Gaza administrative committee made up of technocrats to manage affairs on the ground.

Okasha said Egyptian efforts will continue to prevent any division of Gaza or any amendment that would undermine the agreement, adding that various scenarios remain possible as developments unfold around Trump’s plan.

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Arab World

'Basis for Understanding' Brings Iraqi Kurdistan Closer to New Government

A Kurdish voter prepares his ballot during parliamentary elections at a polling station in Sulaimaniyah in Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan region on October 20, 2024. (Photo by Ahmad Al-rubaye / AFP)
A Kurdish voter prepares his ballot during parliamentary elections at a polling station in Sulaimaniyah in Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan region on October 20, 2024. (Photo by Ahmad Al-rubaye / AFP)
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'Basis for Understanding' Brings Iraqi Kurdistan Closer to New Government

A Kurdish voter prepares his ballot during parliamentary elections at a polling station in Sulaimaniyah in Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan region on October 20, 2024. (Photo by Ahmad Al-rubaye / AFP)
A Kurdish voter prepares his ballot during parliamentary elections at a polling station in Sulaimaniyah in Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan region on October 20, 2024. (Photo by Ahmad Al-rubaye / AFP)

Positive signs have emerged in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah indicating that an agreement leading to the formation of a new government in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq may be nearing, after the process was delayed for nearly two years by disputes between the region’s two historic political rivals, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK).

A PUK leader told Asharq Al-Awsat, speaking on condition of anonymity, that “talks are underway these days with the KDP and have begun on a clear basis between the two sides,” noting that “some details still require further consultation.”

The latest understanding between the two parties is based on “maintaining the presidency of the Kurdistan Region and the premiership for the KDP, with their deputies going to the PUK, along with the speakership of parliament,” according to the PUK leader. He added that his party “requires, in order to preserve the historic distribution of posts, that the two deputy positions be granted new powers that expand the partnership in governing the region.”

Regarding the allocation of key portfolios in the new cabinet, the leader said that “the PUK will receive the finance and Peshmerga portfolios, while the oil and interior ministries will go to the KDP.”

In the parliamentary elections held in October 2024, the KDP came first with 39 seats in the Kurdistan Region Parliament, followed by the PUK with 23 seats. The PUK subsequently allied with the New Generation Movement, which won 15 seats, in an effort to balance the scales in negotiations over forming a government with its historic rival.

Elected lawmakers were required to choose the new parliament speaker, deputy speaker, and secretary in a single session held on December 2, 2024. The session was limited to the swearing-in ceremony. Since then, parliament has remained inactive because of disputes between the two main parties.

‘Basis for Understanding’

An atmosphere of optimism is emerging from within the KDP camp. KDP leader Dlawar Faiq told Asharq Al-Awsat that reports of an emerging basis for understanding were “close to being accurate, but no agreement has been reached yet,” particularly because “neither party has made any official announcement about it.” KDP leader Abdul Salam Barwari also told Asharq Al-Awsat that “dialogue between the two parties is continuing, with a serious willingness this time to form the government.”

Last Saturday, Kurdistan Region President Nechirvan Barzani said that “efforts are underway aimed at enabling the Kurdish political parties to reach positive results,” noting that “the two parties are continuing to hold meetings, and we hope these efforts will culminate in understandings that serve the interests of Kurdistan and all its components.”

Since the Kurdistan Region’s parliamentary elections in October 2024, efforts to form a new government have stalled amid disputes between two camps of competing parties seeking greater influence over the anticipated cabinet.

Demands and Conditions

This time, emerging parties such as the New Generation Movement have entered the political competition and become part of the alliance landscape. However, the KDP and PUK continue to dominate the political process in the region.

The PUK-New Generation alliance, which holds 38 of the 100 seats in the Kurdistan Region Parliament, is demanding half of the cabinet, a proposal rejected by the KDP. The KDP argues that the seats held by other parties will give it the advantage, while nevertheless saying it does not object to its historic rival participating in government formation on a fair and balanced basis.

Members of the KDP have floated the possibility of holding new elections unless the PUK agrees to its demands, while some PUK members have raised the possibility of “near-independent rule for Sulaymaniyah from Erbil.”

PUK spokesperson Karwan Gaznayi said at a news conference in Sulaymaniyah on Sunday that his party “remains committed to its demands regarding government formation, but its doors remain open to reaching an understanding.”

Gaznayi added that a meeting between Kurdistan Region Prime Minister Masrour Barzani and his deputy, Qubad Talabani, had been “positive,” but had not produced an agreement on forming the new government. The distribution of posts was also not discussed at the meeting, he said, stressing that the PUK’s alliance with the New Generation Movement remains in place.

‘Balanced Government’

PUK leader Ahmed Al-Harki told Asharq Al-Awsat that a meeting of the party’s Political Bureau last Saturday and another meeting of its Leadership Council the following day reaffirmed the need to continue consultations and seek an understanding over the formation of the new government. He stressed that the government should be balanced and that no side should monopolize power.

PUK leader Soran Al-Daoudi told Asharq Al-Awsat that “the past few days have seen rapprochement with the KDP, as both sides have demonstrated their desire to reach an understanding and then agree on a balanced cabinet.”

“Nevertheless, forming the government requires further effort and pressure to achieve this as soon as possible,” Al-Daoudi added.

Arab World

Taiz Battles and Bab al-Mandab Curb Houthi Push Eastward

A Yemeni fighter on the front line on one of the Taiz fronts during battles against the Houthis (Military Media)
A Yemeni fighter on the front line on one of the Taiz fronts during battles against the Houthis (Military Media)
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Taiz Battles and Bab al-Mandab Curb Houthi Push Eastward

A Yemeni fighter on the front line on one of the Taiz fronts during battles against the Houthis (Military Media)
A Yemeni fighter on the front line on one of the Taiz fronts during battles against the Houthis (Military Media)

Yemeni government forces intensified airstrikes on Houthi positions, fortifications, and reinforcements in Taiz Governorate in southwestern Yemen on Tuesday, as fighting continued on several fronts. The forces said they had retaken positions in the south and west of the governorate, shot down two drones, and captured several members of the group near Bab al-Mandab.

The Taiz Military Axis, affiliated with the Yemeni armed forces, said warplanes carried out five airstrikes on Houthi positions, gatherings, and vehicles on the Al-Ahkoum front in Hayfan District, southeast of the governorate. It said military sources indicated that the strikes targeted reinforcements heading toward the Hayfan and Al-Subaiha fronts.

In western Taiz, fighting continued in the areas of Al-Anin, Bani Bakari, Jurdad, and Al-Kadaha amid Houthi attempts to infiltrate and launch attacks. The Taiz Military Axis announced that two drones had been shot down, one over Mount Jurdad in the southwest of the governorate and the other on the Al-Kadaha front. It said the latter was carrying a mortar shell before reaching its target.

Field sources reported that government forces had retaken positions and hilltops on the southern and western fronts in Taiz, including positions around Kahboub near Bab al-Mandab, following heavy clashes with the Houthis.

The sources said the Giants Brigades and Nation’s Shield Forces had retaken several key strategic hilltops in Kahboub after the group had seized them in recent days. Government forces also announced that they had captured seven Houthi fighters on the Al-Saqiya coast, south of Bab al-Mandab, and seized a military vehicle belonging to the group.

On the western Jurdad Bani Omar front, located between the districts of Al-Wazi'iyah and Al-Shamayatain, sources said government forces had repelled a Houthi attack and forced the attackers to withdraw.

Al-Wazi'iyah also came under airstrikes targeting Houthi positions in the areas of Al-Dharifa and Al-Mashjab, as clashes continued in several contact zones. Military sources said the strikes inflicted losses on the group and thwarted attempts to reinforce its positions and advance along the front.

On the Kahboub front overlooking Bab al-Mandab, the Southern Giants Brigades announced the capture of a Houthi commander and one of his escorts. It also said it had carried out strikes that destroyed vehicles and targeted Houthi gatherings in Kahboub and Al-Wazi'iyah.

Casualties

The battlefield developments came amid reports of heavy casualties over the past two days. Agence France-Presse, citing military sources from both sides, reported that at least 154 people had been killed in fighting across several Yemeni governorates.

Houthi-affiliated military sources said 118 people had been killed in airstrikes, clashes, and artillery shelling in Taiz, Al-Jawf, Marib, and Saada, most of them in Taiz. Government military sources, meanwhile, reported that 36 military personnel had been killed during two days of fighting, most of them on the southern and western fronts in Taiz.

Field sources also reported the death of Houthi commander Mohammed Abdullah Saad Jallafa Al-Aweer, known as Abu Malik Al-Aweer, along with several of his escorts, during clashes around Mount Jurdad in Al-Wazi'iyah District.

Fighting Spreads

The clashes are not confined to Taiz and the area around Bab al-Mandab. Shelling and fighting continued on several other fronts. In Marib, clashes continued in Harib, Al-Jubah, Al-Kassarah, and Al-Mashjah, with no change in the balance of territorial control.

In Al-Jawf, government forces announced airstrikes on Houthi positions in Rahoub and Salbah in Barat Al-Anan District, as well as positions in Al-Marashi and Al-Dhahir. Government forces also announced that they had targeted Houthi fighters and equipment in Al-Bayda and shot down a drone in Shabwa.

In a separate development, Yemen's Ministry of Human Rights condemned a missile attack on a popular market in Al-Hajf in Al-Mudharabah wa Ras Al-Arah District of Lahj Governorate, saying the attack wounded several civilians and damaged property and vehicles.

The ministry said the market was hit Monday by two ballistic missiles that landed about an hour apart. It said preliminary information regarding the timing and trajectory indicated that, according to its assessment, the missiles were launched from areas under Houthi control in Al-Sabrah District of Ibb Governorate. The ministry said it was continuing to collect information and verify the extent of the casualties and damage.

In Al-Subaiha, Chief of Staff and Acting Commander of the Nation's Shield Forces Major General Abdul Rahman Saleh Al-Lahji said the forces remained firmly positioned on the front, stressing that the area would not become a route for the Houthis to return to Aden. He called for continued fighting and steadfastness in confronting the group.

The latest developments follow clashes in recent days across the highlands between western Taiz and northern Lahj. Fighting has focused on mountainous positions in Al-Shamayatain, Jabal Habashi, Al-Wazi'iyah, and Kahboub, amid reciprocal attempts to consolidate positions and control the high ground overlooking the coastal routes and Bab al-Mandab. Government forces had previously announced that they had retaken positions and thwarted Houthi attacks and infiltration attempts on several of these fronts.

Arab World

Iraq’s Kurdistan Region Officially Unifies Peshmerga Forces

Kurdistan Region President Nechirvan Barzani speaks during a ceremony marking the unification of the Peshmerga forces. (Kurdistan Region Presidency)
Kurdistan Region President Nechirvan Barzani speaks during a ceremony marking the unification of the Peshmerga forces. (Kurdistan Region Presidency)
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Iraq’s Kurdistan Region Officially Unifies Peshmerga Forces

Kurdistan Region President Nechirvan Barzani speaks during a ceremony marking the unification of the Peshmerga forces. (Kurdistan Region Presidency)
Kurdistan Region President Nechirvan Barzani speaks during a ceremony marking the unification of the Peshmerga forces. (Kurdistan Region Presidency)

Iraq’s Kurdistan Region formally announced Monday the unification of its Peshmerga forces, ending a division into two forces that had lasted more than three decades, in a step aimed at unifying Kurdish ranks that have long been divided politically and on security matters.

The ceremony at the Kurdistan Region Presidency in Erbil was overseen by President Nechirvan Barzani, commander-in-chief of the Peshmerga, and attended by Prime Minister Masrour Barzani, the deputy prime minister and minister of Peshmerga affairs, Kurdish officials, representatives of the international coalition and diplomatic missions.

Abdul-Amir al-Shammari, director of the Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Iraqi Armed Forces, also attended.

The Peshmerga split in the mid-1990s during the Kurdish civil war between the Kurdistan Democratic Party, led by Masoud Barzani, and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, then led by the late Jalal Talabani.

The forces were divided between the KDP-affiliated Unit 80, based in the party’s areas of influence in Erbil and Duhok provinces, and the PUK-affiliated Unit 70, concentrated in Sulaymaniyah province and the Halabja area.

Kurdish sources said the ceremony culminated a lengthy reform process aimed at unifying and reorganizing the Peshmerga under an institutional military structure overseen by the Ministry of Peshmerga Affairs.

Under a new decree, no Peshmerga force will remain outside the ministry as of Sept. 21, according to the regional presidency.

The integration process began years ago with support and pressure from the international coalition, particularly the United States, Britain and Germany, as well as other European countries. Integration was among the conditions for continued military and logistical assistance.

Although the Peshmerga are not explicitly named in Iraq’s constitution, Article 121 allows regional authorities to establish and organize internal security forces, including police, security forces and regional guards. Kurdish authorities consider the Peshmerga part of the regional guard.

Nechirvan Barzani said no force remained outside the Peshmerga umbrella and that the force must rise above partisan interests.

“The Peshmerga are the force of the people of Kurdistan,” he stated, adding that their mission was to protect all the region’s communities, including Kurds, Turkmen, Christians, Yazidis and Arabs.

He described the Peshmerga as part of Iraq’s defense system, saying stronger capabilities and greater coordination with federal forces would strengthen Iraq as a whole.

Barzani noted that unification must extend to training, duties, rights, promotions and military doctrine, stressing that the military should not become an arena for settling political or partisan scores.

He thanked the United States, the international coalition and countries that supported Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in the war against ISIS, including Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and France, and praised their role in Peshmerga reform, training and restructuring.

Washington, with Baghdad’s approval, delivered 24 M119 105mm howitzers to the Peshmerga in early August to bolster their capabilities against ISIS remnants, a move that drew objections from some Sunni and Shiite factions and figures in Baghdad.

Despite the unification, serious doubts remain over Kurdish political unity after nearly two years of failure to complete the regional government lineup following parliamentary elections.

PUK official Soran Dawoodi told Asharq Al-Awsat that Peshmerga unification could pave the way for political rapprochement between the KDP and PUK, adding that it would strengthen Kurdish public confidence in the force and advance the institutional framework sought by Kurdish citizens.