Israel’s Yellow Line, a Shifting Edge of War Pushing Gazans from Home

22 July 2026, Palestinian Territories, Gaza City: A Palestinian man flees the Dawla area near Salah al-Din Street in the Zeitoun neighborhood of Gaza City, after the Israeli army advanced concrete barriers locally known as the "Yellow Line" and expanded the military area, forcing more residents to leave their tents amid ongoing military operations in the Gaza Strip. (dpa)
22 July 2026, Palestinian Territories, Gaza City: A Palestinian man flees the Dawla area near Salah al-Din Street in the Zeitoun neighborhood of Gaza City, after the Israeli army advanced concrete barriers locally known as the "Yellow Line" and expanded the military area, forcing more residents to leave their tents amid ongoing military operations in the Gaza Strip. (dpa)
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Israel’s Yellow Line, a Shifting Edge of War Pushing Gazans from Home

22 July 2026, Palestinian Territories, Gaza City: A Palestinian man flees the Dawla area near Salah al-Din Street in the Zeitoun neighborhood of Gaza City, after the Israeli army advanced concrete barriers locally known as the "Yellow Line" and expanded the military area, forcing more residents to leave their tents amid ongoing military operations in the Gaza Strip. (dpa)
22 July 2026, Palestinian Territories, Gaza City: A Palestinian man flees the Dawla area near Salah al-Din Street in the Zeitoun neighborhood of Gaza City, after the Israeli army advanced concrete barriers locally known as the "Yellow Line" and expanded the military area, forcing more residents to leave their tents amid ongoing military operations in the Gaza Strip. (dpa)

On a road in Gaza City's Zeitoun district, Palestinian resident Assem Dawla loaded mattresses and bags onto a truck as concrete yellow blocks marking the edge of Israel's expanding military zone stood amid the rubble nearby.

He said it was the seventh or eighth time since the war began that he and his family had been forced to leave a shelter because of Israeli evacuation orders and the advance of what residents call the yellow line.

Zeitoun is one of at least five locations across Gaza where residents and Hamas officials say Israel has expanded areas under its control in recent days by moving forward the yellow line, a military demarcation established under a US-brokered ceasefire reached in October.

As men hoisted belongings onto a waiting truck, elderly relatives picked their way through debris. Continued Israeli military activity made it too dangerous to remain, Dawla said.

"We are taking our belongings out and going to leave the place because ‌the occupation (Israel) has ‌moved the yellow line all the way to Salah al-Din Street," he said.

With the ‌October ⁠ceasefire, President Donald ⁠Trump set out a peace plan for Gaza that largely halted major fighting after two years of devastating Israeli war in Gaza triggered by Hamas' attack on southern Israel.

The plan called for a surge in humanitarian aid, governance by a civilian Palestinian administration, the disarmament of Hamas, the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Gaza and the deployment of an international force to help maintain security.

But progress has stalled.

Israel effectively controlled an estimated 64% of Gaza by late April. Nearly all of the territory's roughly 2 million residents are concentrated in a narrow coastal area under Hamas control, living largely in damaged buildings or makeshift shelters and facing dire ⁠humanitarian conditions.

Hamas has so far refused to disarm, while Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said ‌on May 28 that Israel intends to expand the area under its ‌control to 70% of the enclave. Israeli forces have continued near-daily military strikes across Gaza.

WARNINGS VIA TEXT AND DRONES

Residents in Deir al-Balah, Khan ‌Younis, Gaza City's Zeitoun, Tuffah and Shejaia neighborhoods, as well as northern Rafah, told Reuters that Israeli forces have ‌advanced the yellow block markers during the past 10 days, triggering new waves of displacement in areas already devastated by months of conflict.

At least seven people interviewed by Reuters said residents in some affected areas received warnings via text messages or drone-mounted loudspeakers before leaving once again.

The Israeli military said its forces are deployed in Gaza to protect Israel from attack and that the yellow line was being clearly ‌marked on the ground to reduce the risk of contact between troops and civilians.

The Israeli military’s "defensive posture in the area includes a security zone, a physical barrier, ⁠intelligence capabilities, technological means, and ⁠operational activity by troops," the military said.

For many Gazans ordered to move, the process has become painfully familiar: gathering whatever survived the previous displacement — a few blankets, a cooking pot, a child's schoolbag — and setting out, often after dark, for another area designated as safe by the Israeli military.

MULTIPLE DISPLACEMENTS

Near the shattered remains of buildings in Zeitoun, Dawla's mother, Umm Sami, limped through what was left of the family's property, collecting whatever could still be salvaged.

“Why am I leaving? They (Israeli army) became close, they put the yellow line here. The day before, they struck there, and we left," she said.

Like most of Gaza's population, Dawla's family has been displaced multiple times since the war began, rebuilding temporary shelters only to be ordered to move again days or weeks later.

In a statement issued on July 20, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said an Israeli displacement order in Zeitoun forced 30 families from their tents, which residents said were subsequently destroyed.

As trucks carrying the remnants of household lives rolled away and a child walked past yellow blocks protruding from the wreckage, residents faced yet another uncertain journey.

“The whole war is displacement, displacement. You can't stay anywhere without (Israel) telling you, ‘Get out of here, we want to come in,'" Dawla said.



Baghdad Secures Limited US Approval for Iranian Flights

 An Airbus A340-600 operated by Iran’s Mahan Air. (File photo/Reuters)
An Airbus A340-600 operated by Iran’s Mahan Air. (File photo/Reuters)
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Baghdad Secures Limited US Approval for Iranian Flights

 An Airbus A340-600 operated by Iran’s Mahan Air. (File photo/Reuters)
An Airbus A340-600 operated by Iran’s Mahan Air. (File photo/Reuters)

Under pressure from armed factions, Prime Minister Ali al-Zaidi’s government secured US approval for Iranian airlines, excluding Mahan Air, to operate 40 daily flights to and from Najaf airport, drawing praise from Iran-aligned figures and groups in Iraq.

The US Treasury Department issued a tightly restricted, one-month license last Tuesday, allowing Iraqi Airways to fly to Iran exclusively from Najaf airport.

It did not cover Iranian airlines operating flights in the opposite direction. The license also strictly limited eligible passengers to specified categories, including students, patients and visitors to religious sites.

The prime minister’s media office said in a statement that al-Zaidi had undertaken “close follow-up and a series of contacts” before securing a US license allowing Iranian airlines to resume flights to and from Najaf International Airport.

“The efforts resulted in an agreement allowing Iranian airlines, excluding Mahan Air, to operate 40 flights daily to and from Najaf International Airport,” it said.

According to the statement, al-Zaidi welcomed “the US government’s positive response to Iraqi efforts and its cooperation in granting the requested exemption, helping resolve this issue and facilitate travel for pilgrims and other passengers, particularly those traveling for treatment, religious visits and tourism.”

“Air traffic is more than transport between two airports; it is a bridge connecting peoples,” the statement quoted al-Zaidi as saying.

“Among the passengers are patients waiting to reach treatment facilities, pilgrims heading to holy shrines and families waiting to reunite easily, alongside the importance of these flights for tourism, the economy and social ties.”

It remains unclear whether the new US license will be open-ended or expire on Oct. 28, as stipulated in Washington’s initial authorization.

Sources told Asharq Al-Awsat, however, that the license grants specific exemptions for humanitarian needs, medical treatment, education and religious tourism. Its primary purpose is to facilitate travel between the two countries for Iranian and Iraqi passengers and pilgrims.

Transporting cash

Even under the new license, sources said, the ban will remain in force on transporting large amounts of cash or shipping goods intended for the Revolutionary Guards, the military, or Iranian entities under US sanctions.

The exemption also prohibits “the export or re-export of any technology or software to Iran” and permits only personal baggage and aviation safety supplies, the sources said.

Al-Zaidi’s government had faced fierce criticism from Iran-aligned factions, political figures and sympathizers in Iraq over its compliance with US Treasury sanctions on Iranian civilian airlines.

Some staged protests denouncing the government and threatened to shut all airports if it maintained its position.

That stance shifted today, with the same groups beginning to praise the government’s efforts after it secured the US exemption.

A member of the Coordination Framework who heads the Imam Ali Brigades praised the government’s efforts, as did Badr Organization leader Hadi al-Amiri, who welcomed the work that led to the resumption of Iranian flights to Najaf airport.

Disarming the factions

Separately, groups within the Coordination Framework renewed their full support for the government's efforts to bring all weapons under state control and to disarm the factions. They also backed the continued work of a four-member committee previously formed by the alliance to resolve the weapons issue.

The ruling alliance met on Friday evening, with al-Zaidi attending, to discuss current political and security developments and priorities following “Sovereignty Day.” The term refers to Sept. 30, when US-led international coalition forces withdrew from Iraq after a mission to help the country fight ISIS.

The secretary-general of Kataib Hezbollah, Abu Hussein al-Hamidawi, announced the day after the coalition’s withdrawal “a complete halt to all military operations and mobile logistical activities.”


‘Between the Lines’: Lebanon’s Constitution Under the Microscope at 100

The presidential palace in Lebanon (National News Agency)
The presidential palace in Lebanon (National News Agency)
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‘Between the Lines’: Lebanon’s Constitution Under the Microscope at 100

The presidential palace in Lebanon (National News Agency)
The presidential palace in Lebanon (National News Agency)

Lebanon’s Culture Ministry is putting the constitution under the microscope on its centenary, urging citizens, especially young people, to examine their rights and the gap between the text and a century of political practice.

The aim is to help Lebanese people read between the lines to understand “their constitutional rights and the political system it established,” Culture Minister Ghassan Salame told Asharq Al-Awsat.

It also seeks to “open a debate about the gap between what the constitution stipulates and what has been implemented over a hundred years, exploring the relationship between the constitutional text and political practice in the country,” he said.

The centenary events begin with an exhibition titled “Between the Lines of the Constitution,” as Lebanon debates its political system and how its institutions function.

Drafting of the 1926 constitution began under the French mandate. Its draft then underwent extensive debate and consultation involving Lebanese figures.

Contrary to an easy assumption, it did not copy the French constitution. France had a parliamentary system; Lebanon’s was parliamentary in name, presidential in practice.

From the 1926 constitution to the Taif Agreement

The exhibition opens on Oct. 8 and runs through the end of the year. Tracing the constitution’s history, Salame stressed that its origins under the French mandate did not make it a replica of France’s constitution.

“After independence, the constitution underwent various amendments, some aimed at removing the vestiges of the mandate. The most significant came in 1990, following the adoption of the Document of National Accord, the Taif Agreement,” he said.

The Taif Agreement’s importance, Salame said, lies in having “incorporated its proposed amendments into the constitution itself.”

“If someone wants to take a major step that would contravene the constitution, that requires a special vote,” he said. “This respects the constitution. Implicitly, the political authorities acknowledge that there is a book they must respect, rather than doing whatever they please.”

Constitutional breaches and political exceptions

Salame also pointed to cases he considers constitutional breaches, urging Lebanese people to learn about them and debate them as part of their understanding of the constitution.

He cited exceptional amendments that allowed a president to be elected outside the timeframe or conditions set by the constitutional text.

He warned against treating breaches lightly or turning exceptions into routine political practice. Departures from the text should not become the rule through repetition or appeals to political necessity, he said.

Salame also cited political understandings reached outside the constitutional text. Among them was the “troika,” an arrangement among the president, parliament speaker and prime minister in the 1990s that concentrated key decisions in their hands.

Another was the 2008 Doha Agreement, which left no constitutional imprint comparable to that of the Taif Agreement.

“A political understanding does not, in itself, acquire constitutional status unless it is translated into a constitutional text,” he said.

Reading the constitution closely

The exhibition began with a basic question, Salame said: How well do Lebanese people know their constitution?

“That is why, for the first time, we have brought original documents held in France, including the document signed by the French high commissioner, and other documents that Lebanese people will be able to see for the first time,” he said.

The exhibition will go beyond historical documents. It will offer a detailed reading of the constitution in accessible language — an approach reflected in its title, “Between the Lines of the Constitution.”

“We want to make the constitution part of Lebanese citizens’ political culture,” Salame said.

Constitutional conventions and interpreting the text

“No country relies solely on the text. There are constitutional conventions,” Salame said.

But he stressed the distinction between constitutional conventions and political practice.

Repeating a practice does not automatically make it a constitutional rule.

“I want Lebanese people to think: Was this justified? Was it legitimate? These questions must be asked,” he said.

Constitutional rights and freedoms

“The constitution not only organizes the political system. It also sets out fundamental rights,” Salame said.

He highlighted freedom of belief and expression, saying their survival through Lebanon’s crises and wars is a central part of its constitutional experience.

“It is no small matter that, after 50 years of all the calamities that have struck Lebanon, everyone can still speak freely, and freedom of opinion and belief remains a constitutionally acquired right that we refuse to relinquish. That is something great,” he said.

Documents from the republic’s founding

Some original documents were borrowed from France and elsewhere, Salame said. They will be returned to their owners or the institutions that hold them after the exhibition closes. The National Library will retain facsimile copies.

The Culture Ministry is targeting young people, particularly school students, seeking to turn the centenary from a historical commemoration into an opportunity to understand Lebanon’s constitutional system.

Salame said the exhibition would remain open through the end of the year, with efforts underway to add afternoon hours for school and student visits.


Israel Targets Top Hamas Leader in Deadly Gaza Strike on Anniversary

Palestinians inspect the rubble of a residential apartment following an Israeli air strike in the west of Gaza City on 03 October 2026. (EPA)
Palestinians inspect the rubble of a residential apartment following an Israeli air strike in the west of Gaza City on 03 October 2026. (EPA)
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Israel Targets Top Hamas Leader in Deadly Gaza Strike on Anniversary

Palestinians inspect the rubble of a residential apartment following an Israeli air strike in the west of Gaza City on 03 October 2026. (EPA)
Palestinians inspect the rubble of a residential apartment following an Israeli air strike in the west of Gaza City on 03 October 2026. (EPA)

Israel said on Saturday that it attempted to kill Hamas's top leader in the Gaza Strip in an airstrike on an apartment that local officials said killed five people, four of them women.

The pre-dawn strike came on the anniversary according to the Jewish calendar of the October 7, 2023 attack, the deadliest-ever day for Israel which retaliated with a devastating offensive in Gaza.

The Israeli military said it aimed to kill Ali al-Amoudi, describing him as the "right-hand man" of slain Hamas chief Yahya Sinwar and saying he was involved in planning the October 7 attack.

Israel said it was reviewing whether it killed or injured him.

It said it targeted him after learning that he was inside an apartment building, saying it showed that Hamas was using civilians as human shields.

"Today, al-Amoudi is the most senior Hamas figure in the Gaza Strip and is directly involved in Hamas's terror activities and in rebuilding the organization for war. The terrorist was struck in order to remove the threat," a military statement said.

"Steps were taken to mitigate harm to civilians, including the use of precise munitions," the military said, adding it "regrets any harm caused to uninvolved individuals".

Israel killed Sinwar in Gaza in October 2024, in what many Israelis saw as a major symbolic victory, although Israel has vowed to keep destroying Hamas even since a US-brokered ceasefire was declared a year ago.

Amoudi is considered Hamas's top person in the Gaza Strip. The movement's leader Khalil al-Haya lives in Qatar and has tried to maneuver diplomatically to Hamas's advantage.

Haya agreed in July to a US plan for Hamas to give up its weapons, in what President Donald Trump hailed as a breakthrough but Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu dismissed as insincere.

An official at Gaza City's Al-Shifa hospital told AFP it received at dawn the bodies of five people and a number of injured following an airstrike in the Rimal neighborhood.

It said the dead were two women and their daughters, as well as a man.

Mahmoud Bassal, the spokesman for the civil defense agency which operates as a rescue force under Hamas authority, said two missiles directly hit the apartment, causing a fire and damaging the building.

Mourners gathered later on Saturday at the small Greek Orthodox church of Saint Porphyrius in Gaza City for the funeral of the two women, identified as 56-year-old Maysaa Abu Daoud and her 36-year-old daughter Mary Al-Najjar.

Ihab Ayad, a relative of the women, said that they had been "minding their own business" at home when Israel carried out the strike.

"We didn't hurl stones or fire rockets. If any child among us carries a stone, they call him a terrorist, a murderer. But they possess the most powerful arsenal and destroy everything," he said.

The Hamas-led October 7 attack killed 1,221 people, according to an AFP tally based on official Israeli figures.

The massive Israeli offensive in response has left most of Gaza in ruins and killed more than 74,200 people, according to Gaza's health ministry, which is under Hamas authority and whose figures are considered reliable by the United Nations.

Israeli forces have killed more than 1,440 people since the announcement of the ceasefire a year ago, according to Gaza's health ministry.

The Israeli military has identified five deaths in its ranks over the same period, as well as the death of one civilian contractor.