Nesma Daher survived years of war in a Damascus suburb that was on the frontlines of Syria's conflict. But well after the guns fell silent in her area and even as her country's regional isolation thaws, she says life only gets harder.
A widow from Douma, an opposition-held town until 2018 when government forces took it back, Daher says sometimes she can only feed her four children one meal a day. The family survives on cash assistance from an NGO equivalent to about $7 a month.
Her youngest son, 12, has quit school to work at a factory. "From the day of their father's passing, the days were hard and only got harder," said Daher, 35.
It is a snapshot of the poverty afflicting Syria after more than 12 years of conflict, which mushroomed out of protests against President Bashar al-Assad's rule in 2011.
Though the main frontlines have barely moved in years, with Assad controlling most of the country, humanitarian needs are at their greatest yet, according to Reuters.
The United Nations says more than 15 million people need aid across the country - a record number.
GDP has dropped by more than a half between 2010 and 2020, the World Bank says, and an ever-declining local currency fuels inflation.
Amid other international emergencies, the United Nations is struggling to fund its support to Syrians in need. In June, it said its appeal for humanitarian work in Syria this year - $5.4 billion - had only been 11% funded.
Since then, at least 350,000 people have been killed, millions uprooted and public infrastructure left in ruins.
The devastating earthquake that hit Syria and neighbouring Türkiye in February only compounded the suffering.
The World Bank lists sanctions among several shocks that have hit economic conditions, alongside armed conflict, drought, and the effects of a financial crisis in neighbouring Lebanon.
Jihad Yazigi, an expert on Syria's economy, said even Syrians for whom sanctions are not a worry do not invest due to a difficult business climate, citing corruption, along with shortages of manpower and inputs for production.
The United States says the sanctions aim to put pressure on Damascus for a political solution.
Obeida Abu Mohamed, 33, opened a car spare parts workshop in Douma in 2019. Business has declined, particularly in the last six months as people fix rather than buy new ones.
"Nobody can afford them," said the father of two.
Today, he does not make enough to cover the rent on the premises or feed his family, he said.
"I don't have enough money to buy all the food we need."
