With inflation running at more than 6 percent and President Joe Biden’s legislative agenda in peril, ’tis the season for second-guessing.
So I’d like to focus on what may well have been the original sin of the Biden administration and the narrow Democratic majority in Congress: last February’s decision to reject Senate Republicans’ offer of a $600 billion Covid relief bill and instead proceed with the $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan, which Biden signed into law last March.
At the time, I was surprised that the White House rejected the Republicans’ plan — and even more surprised that moderate Senate Democrats signed off on the rejection. But I was pleasantly surprised. I took it as a signal that the moderate Democratic caucus, including Kyrsten Sinema and Joe Manchin, was prepared to enact a much bolder economic agenda. In retrospect, however, the truth was something simpler: Biden came into office with a great deal of good will among Democrats, and when he told them the American Rescue Plan was necessary, they believed him.
Rather than building momentum for further legislative victories, however, this plan backfired.
Many progressives are frustrated that Manchin keeps citing inflation fears as one of his qualms about the Build Back Better agenda. And, indeed, as former Obama economic adviser Jason Furman argues, these fears are misplaced. The bill would, at worst, lead to slightly higher medium-term inflation in a world where interest rates are already very low. The problem is that many Democrats (though, to his credit, not Furman) were making the same assurances about the American Rescue Plan. And it is now clear (especially when comparing the US to Europe) that the law did in fact contribute to inflation.
Fundamentally, the White House does not have any leverage over Manchin, and never has. What it does have is goodwill and credibility — and its position on the American Rescue Plan has burned some of both.
Beyond the psychological, the larger problem is that Democrats got surprisingly little for their $1.9 trillion. One big chunk of the difference is a one-year expanded version of the fully refundable child tax credit. As a long-term policy, this tax credit is excellent — cutting child poverty nearly in half and addressing the longstanding national disgrace of large-scale material deprivation among children in one of the richest countries in human history.
But as short-term stimulus or pandemic relief, the credit was not particularly necessary or well-targeted. Its inclusion was a bet that it would prove popular and durable enough to extend, and that bet did not pay off. Manchin, in particular, seems to adhere to the view that cash benefits should come with work requirements, a position that’s annoying to progressives now but was in the Democratic mainstream as recently as the 2020 primaries. And the general public, meanwhile, has been cool on the idea. If and in whatever form Build Back Better is enacted, it almost certainly won’t include an extension of the child tax credit.
The other big difference between the American Rescue Plan and the Republican proposal was Democrats’ desire to include hundreds of billions of dollars to support state and local governments.
That’s a demand that first emerged when Democrats wrote the Heroes Act in spring 2020, and that Republicans consistently rejected — characterizing it as a “blue state bailout.”
Democrats were responding to the reality that state and local fiscal shortfalls were a major drag on the economy during President Barack Obama’s first term, and they wanted to avoid a repeat of that outcome in the face of dire projections of pandemic-induced state and local budget disasters. But they did not adjust their position when these predictions failed to materialize.
Effective macroeconomic policy, combined with booming real-estate and equity markets, kept state and local revenue healthy. Ironically, the biggest problems were mostly in conservative states with no income tax, since consumption of things like restaurant meals declined even in states with lax Covid protocols. Overall, however, states are flush, and in states such as Texas Covid relief funds are being used to cut property taxes.
The final significant difference between American Rescue Plan and the Republican relief plan is that Republicans offered smaller stimulus checks ($1,000 vs. $1,400) and narrower means-testing. It’s entirely possible they could have split the difference, and at any rate it’s a relatively small matter compared to the gulf between the parties on child tax credit and state/local support.
At the time, those two items struck most progressives as critical. In retrospect, neither seems to have been a big deal.
By contrast, had Biden been able to string together a bipartisan Covid relief bill with a bipartisan infrastructure bill (which he has signed into law) and a bipartisan science funding bill (which is currently in a House-Senate conference) he could claim to have delivered on his implausible-sounding promise to unite the country. Real GDP growth likely would have been modestly slower, with less money flowing out, but inflation would have been lower too.
Bloomberg
