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Azour: Saudi Arabia Adapts to Global Challenges Thanks to Reforms, Strong Reserves

IMF Director of Middle East and Central Asia Department Dr. Jihad Azour, speaking during the session in Riyadh (Photo: Turki Al-Agili)
IMF Director of Middle East and Central Asia Department Dr. Jihad Azour, speaking during the session in Riyadh (Photo: Turki Al-Agili)
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Azour: Saudi Arabia Adapts to Global Challenges Thanks to Reforms, Strong Reserves

IMF Director of Middle East and Central Asia Department Dr. Jihad Azour, speaking during the session in Riyadh (Photo: Turki Al-Agili)
IMF Director of Middle East and Central Asia Department Dr. Jihad Azour, speaking during the session in Riyadh (Photo: Turki Al-Agili)

Saudi Arabia continues to demonstrate resilience in the face of global economic challenges, bolstered by structural reforms and substantial financial reserves, According to Dr. Jihad Azour, Director of the Middle East and Central Asia Department at the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

He said the Kingdom is well-equipped to manage fluctuations in global oil prices.

Speaking to Asharq Al-Awsat on the sidelines of an IMF-hosted panel in Riyadh on global and regional economic developments, Azour stressed that Saudi Arabia has significant reserves that act as a financial buffer against external shocks. These reserves, coupled with ongoing structural reforms under Saudi Vision 2030, have greatly enhanced the Kingdom’s economic adaptability.

Azour noted that the reforms are not only increasing the economy’s flexibility but are also successfully diversifying income sources and boosting the contribution of non-oil sectors to the GDP. This shift toward developing promising new sectors is reducing dependency on oil revenues while creating sustainable economic opportunities.

He stressed that the mechanisms in place in the Kingdom, the adopted fiscal policies, and the implementation of Vision 2030 allow it to adapt to global shifts, despite current challenges.

Earlier this month, Saudi Minister of Economy and Planning Faisal Alibrahim confirmed the Kingdom’s readiness to face all possible oil price scenarios, noting that Saudi Arabia has sufficient safety margins.

A mission to Syria

In a notable development, the IMF is sending a mission to Syria this week to assess the country’s financial and economic landscape in the first such visit in over a decade.

Azour confirmed the visit will focus on evaluating the central bank, finance ministry, and statistical agencies to determine technical needs and explore cooperation frameworks.

The mission aims to establish priorities for providing technical assistance and institutional support, and reflects the IMF’s renewed engagement with Syria. Azour himself plans to visit Damascus at the end of June following the mission’s report.

The move comes after the IMF appointed Ron van Rooden as its mission chief to Syria in April 2025, the first such appointment since the Syrian conflict began.

Azour said initial discussions with Syrian officials began at the Emerging Markets Forum in AlUla, Saudi Arabia, earlier this year and continued during the IMF-World Bank Spring Meetings in Washington.

The talks were attended by Syria’s Foreign Minister Asaad Al-Shaibani, and were supported by Saudi Finance Minister Mohammed Al-Jadaan, IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva, and World Bank President Ajay Banga.

International Support and Lifting of Sanctions

The IMF’s renewed involvement coincides with growing international efforts to reintegrate Syria into the global economic system. In a significant step, the US Treasury Department officially lifted economic sanctions on Syria last Friday.

US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said Syria must continue working to become a peaceful and stable country, and expressed hope that the latest decision would help put the country on a path toward prosperity and peace.

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio also announced a 180-day waiver of Caesar Act sanctions to facilitate investment and ensure uninterrupted access to electricity, energy, water, healthcare, and humanitarian aid.

In a further sign of support, Saudi Arabia and Qatar pledged to repay Syria’s debt to the World Bank, paving the way for the resumption of its operations in the country after a 14-year hiatus. This move could unlock international funding crucial for Syria’s reconstruction and economic recovery.

The IMF’s engagement is part of a broader strategy to support conflict-affected countries in rebuilding institutions, restoring economic stability, and fostering inclusive development.

Through this renewed cooperation, the IMF hopes to help lay the groundwork for sustainable growth and improved livelihoods for the Syrian people.

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Leading Harvard Trade Economist Says Saudi Arabia Holds Key to Success in Fragmented Global Economy

Professor Pol Antràs speaks during a panel discussion at the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies (Asharq Al-Awsat).
Professor Pol Antràs speaks during a panel discussion at the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies (Asharq Al-Awsat).
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Leading Harvard Trade Economist Says Saudi Arabia Holds Key to Success in Fragmented Global Economy

Professor Pol Antràs speaks during a panel discussion at the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies (Asharq Al-Awsat).
Professor Pol Antràs speaks during a panel discussion at the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies (Asharq Al-Awsat).

Harvard University economics professor Pol Antràs said Saudi Arabia represents an exceptional model in the shifting global trade landscape, differing fundamentally from traditional emerging-market frameworks. He also stressed that globalization has not ended but has instead re-formed into what he describes as fragmented integration.

Speaking to Asharq Al-Awsat on the sidelines of the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies, Antràs said Saudi Arabia’s Vision-driven structural reforms position the Kingdom to benefit from the ongoing phase of fragmented integration, adding that the country’s strategic focus on logistics transformation and artificial intelligence constitutes a key engine for sustainable growth that extends beyond the volatility of global crises.

Antràs, the Robert G. Ory Professor of Economics at Harvard University, is one of the leading contemporary theorists of international trade. His research, which reshaped understanding of global value chains, focuses on how firms organize cross-border production and how regulation and technological change influence global trade flows and corporate decision-making.

He said conventional classifications of economies often obscure important structural differences, noting that the term emerging markets groups together countries with widely divergent industrial bases. Economies that depend heavily on manufacturing exports rely critically on market access and trade integration and therefore face stronger competitive pressures from Chinese exports that are increasingly shifting toward alternative markets.

Saudi Arabia, by contrast, exports extensively while facing limited direct competition from China in its primary export commodity, a situation that creates a strategic opportunity. The current environment allows the Kingdom to obtain imports from China at lower cost and access a broader range of goods that previously flowed largely toward the United States market.

Addressing how emerging economies should respond to dumping pressures and rising competition, Antràs said countries should minimize protectionist tendencies and instead position themselves as committed participants in the multilateral trading system, allowing foreign producers to access domestic markets while encouraging domestic firms to expand internationally.

He noted that although Chinese dumping presents concerns for countries with manufacturing sectors that compete directly with Chinese production, the risk is lower for Saudi Arabia because it does not maintain a large manufacturing base that overlaps directly with Chinese exports. Lower-cost imports could benefit Saudi consumers, while targeted policy tools such as credit programs, subsidies, and support for firms seeking to redesign and upgrade business models represent more effective responses than broad protectionist measures.

Globalization has not ended

Antràs said globalization continues but through more complex structures, with trade agreements increasingly negotiated through diverse arrangements rather than relying primarily on multilateral negotiations. Trade deals will continue to be concluded, but they are likely to become more complex, with uncertainty remaining a defining feature of the global trading environment.

Interest rates and artificial intelligence

According to Antràs, high global interest rates, combined with the additional risk premiums faced by emerging markets, are constraining investment, particularly in sectors that require export financing, capital expenditure, and continuous quality upgrading.

However, he noted that elevated interest rates partly reflect expectations of stronger long-term growth driven by artificial intelligence and broader technological transformation.

He also said if those growth expectations materialize, productivity gains could enable small and medium-sized enterprises to forecast demand more accurately and identify previously untapped markets, partially offsetting the negative effects of higher borrowing costs.

Employment concerns and the role of government

The Harvard professor warned that labor markets face a dual challenge stemming from intensified Chinese export competition and accelerating job automation driven by artificial intelligence, developments that could lead to significant disruptions, particularly among younger workers. He said governments must adopt proactive strategies requiring substantial fiscal resources to mitigate near-term labor-market shocks.

According to Antràs, productivity growth remains the central condition for success: if new technologies deliver the anticipated productivity gains, governments will gain the fiscal space needed to compensate affected groups and retrain the workforce, achieving a balance between addressing short-term disruptions and investing in long-term strategic gains.

Business

Aljadaan: Emerging Markets Account for 70% of Global Growth

Al-Jadaan speaking to the attendees at the "AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies" (Asharq Al-Awsat
Al-Jadaan speaking to the attendees at the "AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies" (Asharq Al-Awsat
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Aljadaan: Emerging Markets Account for 70% of Global Growth

Al-Jadaan speaking to the attendees at the "AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies" (Asharq Al-Awsat
Al-Jadaan speaking to the attendees at the "AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies" (Asharq Al-Awsat

Saudi Minister of Finance Mohammed Aljadaan stressed Sunday that the world economy is going through a “profound transition,” saying emerging markets and developing economies now account for nearly 60 percent of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in purchasing power terms and over 70 percent of global growth.

In his opening remarks at the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies, organized by the Saudi Ministry of Finance and the IMF in AlUla, the minister said these economies have become an increasingly important driver of global growth with their share of global economy more than doubling since 2010.

“Today, the 10 emerging economies in the G20 alone account for more than half of the world growth. Yet, they face a more complex and fragmented environment, elevated debt levels, slower trade growth and increasing exposure to geopolitical shocks.”

“Unfortunately, more than half of low income countries are either in or at the risk of debt distress. At the same time global trade growth has slowed at around half of what it was pre the pandemic,” Aljadaan added.

The Finance Minister stressed that the Saudi experience over the past decade has reinforced three lessons that may be relevant to the discussions at the two-day conference, which brings together a select group of ministers and central bank governors, leaders of international organizations, leading investors and academics.

“First, macroeconomic stability is not the enemy of growth. It is actually the foundation,” he said.

“Structural reforms deliver results only when institutions deliver. So there is no point of reforming ... if the institutions are unable to deliver,” he stated.

Finally, he said that “international cooperation matters more, not less, in a fragmented world.”

Business

Georgieva from AlUla: Growth Still Lacks Pre-pandemic Levels

Kristalina Georgieva speaking to attendees at the second edition of the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies (Asharq Al-Awsat)
Kristalina Georgieva speaking to attendees at the second edition of the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies (Asharq Al-Awsat)
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Georgieva from AlUla: Growth Still Lacks Pre-pandemic Levels

Kristalina Georgieva speaking to attendees at the second edition of the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies (Asharq Al-Awsat)
Kristalina Georgieva speaking to attendees at the second edition of the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies (Asharq Al-Awsat)

International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva said Sunday that world growth still lacks pre-pandemic levels, expressing concern as she expected more shocks amid high spending and rising debt levels in many countries.

Georgieva spoke at the AlUla Conference for Emerging Market Economies, organized by the Saudi Ministry of Finance and the IMF in AlUla.

The two-day conference brings together a select group of ministers and central bank governors, leaders of international organizations, leading investors and academics to deliberate on policies to global stability, prosperity, and multilateral collaboration.

Georgieva said that the conference was launched last year in recognition of the growing role of emerging market economies in a world of sweeping transformations.

“I came out of this gathering .... With a sense of hope for the pragmatic attitude and determination to pursue good policies and build strong institutions,” she said.

Georgieva stressed that “good policies pay off,” and said that growth rates across emerging economies reached four percent this year, exceeding by a large margin those of advanced economies that are around 1.5 percent.